Term
| Which disease was the 1st proven to be bacterial in origin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered penicillin? |
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Definition
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Term
| negative taxis (flagella movement) |
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Definition
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Term
| positive taxis (flagella movement) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Movement away from chemical |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes negative chemotaxis, or negative phototaxis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes the flagellum to swim forward and thus promotes positive chemotaxis or phototaxis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Biofilms are a complex community of microbes that form a protective adhesive matrix that attaches microbes to surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
Capsules allow the bacteria to attach to solid surfaces and form biofilms.and
Fimbriae are found forming biofilms
so both the glycocalyx and fimbriae form the biofilm. |
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Definition
Teeth
Tonsils
Infected tissues
Plastic catheters
IUD
Metal pacemakers
Industrial pipelines. |
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Definition
| located on Eukaryotic cells and protozoa.extensions of cell membrane; protozoa, sperm cells of mammals (also in bacteria) |
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Definition
located ONLY on eukaryotic cells
Bacteria do not have cilia!! |
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Term
| Bacterial flagella can move by means of rotating flagella how many degrees? |
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Definition
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Term
| bacterial flagella are easily seen with which microscope? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacterial Flagella are composed of which three parts? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is bacterial flagella composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a sex pilus? (also called conjugations pilus) |
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Definition
| long hollow tubules composed of protein called pilin. |
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Term
| What do sex or conjugation pilus do? |
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Definition
| Mediate the transfer of DNA from one cell to the other via a process termed conjugation. (a form a genetic exchange) Remember that bacteria produce asexually. |
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Term
| Components of a bacterial cell wall |
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Definition
| Composed of peptidoglycan(PG), a complex polysaccharide. |
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Term
| What have some types of bacteria developed to deal with dehydration? |
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Definition
| glycocalyx (slime layer and capsule) |
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Term
| What are the functions of glycocalyx(capsule and slime layer)? |
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Definition
They aid in attachment to surfaces.
2. They prevent phagocytosis by WBC which increases the bacteria’s pathogenicity. (capsule slide in lab)
3. They protect the bacteria from dehydration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Solely eukaryotic-active transport-substances surrounded by pseudopodia and brought into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Solely eukaryotic process-reverse of endocytosis-enables wastes and secretions to be exported from the cell |
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Term
| How are Mitochondria different from Chloroplasts? |
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Definition
| Mitochondria function in aerobic ATP production and chloroplasts function in photosynthesis. |
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Term
| What are the major tenants of the endosymbionic theory? |
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Definition
1) Eukaryotes are formed from the union of small aerobic prokaryotes with larger anaerobic prokaryotes.
2)Parasites eventually lose the ability to exist independently, but retain a portion of their DNA, some ribosomes and their cytoplasmic membranes.
3)Aerobic prokaryotes eventually evolved into mitocondria and their cytoplasmic membranes became cristae. |
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Term
| What is another way to explain what the endosymbiotic Theory is? |
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Definition
| It's a theory where the mitochondria and chloroplasts of the cell are believed to have evolved from bacteria, because they have their own DNA and ribosomes (which is very similar to the bacteria that scientists believe the they evolved from) and reproduce like bacteria. Scientists believe this happened because the cell and the ancient bacteria that the two organelles evolved from transitioned into "endosymbiotic living" (which basically just means that two organisms that aren't the same species live in close association). |
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Term
| What are the functions of the Eukaryotic cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
anchors organelles
gives shape to the cell
performs endocytosis
aids in contraction of the cell |
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Term
| Which stain originated as a specific method to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in specimens? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do Acid Fast stains do for us? |
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Definition
| They detect myobacterium that the gram stain cannot because the cell walls of myobacterium are composed of waxy materials that repel the water based dyes of the Gram stain. |
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Term
| Why do microbiologists stain thier specimens? |
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Definition
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Term
| Staining cells increases contrast but the procedure requires that the cells are what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples of dyes used for staining? Name 3 |
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Definition
| Methylene blue, crystal violet, and saffranin |
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Term
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Definition
Dye sticks to cells (specimen)
Gives the bacterial cell color against a bright background. |
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Term
| Examples of dyes used in Positive staining: |
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Definition
Crystal violet
Methylene blue
Malachite green
Safranin. |
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Term
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Definition
Dye does not stick to the cell or a structure of a cell
Dye settles around its outer boundary of the cell or structure forming a silhouette or “dark cloud”. |
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Term
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Definition
The glass slide is stained with the dye
The bacteria do not take up the stain and remains white or colorless
The bacterial structure does not take up the stain and remains white or colorless |
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Term
| Some dyes used in negative staining: |
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Definition
Nigrosin = black stain
India ink = pink stain |
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Term
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Definition
Simple stains
Special stains
Differential stains |
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Term
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Definition
| positive stains that use only one dye such as methylene blue or crystal violet. |
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Term
| What are simple stains used to do? |
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Definition
| reveal size, morphology and arrangement of cells |
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Term
| What results occur during a simple stain? |
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Definition
Uniform purple stain
Uniform blue stain |
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Term
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Definition
Use two dyes or more dyes to see:
Differences between cells
Differences between cell structures. |
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Term
| Differential stains Include |
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Definition
Gram stain
Acid-fast stain
Endospore stain. |
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Term
| Gram Staining shows differences between |
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Definition
thicknesses of peptidoglycan in bacteria’s cell wall
That is all a Gram stain does!! |
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Term
| Why do We Perform Gram Stains? |
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Definition
Bacteria with a thick layer of PG stain purple = gram positive cells.
Certain antibiotics work only on Gram + |
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Term
| Why do We Perform Gram Stains? |
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Definition
Bacteria with a thin layer of PG stain red (pink) = gram negative cells.
Certain other antibiotics work only on Gram – |
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Term
| Gram negative (–) bacteria contain |
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Definition
| Lipid A which is on their lipopolysaccharide(LPS) outer membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipid A is an endotoxin that is released when Gram – bacteria die. |
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Term
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Definition
Fever
Vasodilation
Shock
Inflammation
Blood clotting in humans
Release of toxin is what harms human
Cause for concern with Gram – pathogens. |
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Term
Acid Fast Stains
(Ziehl-Neelson) |
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Definition
| Originated as a specific method to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in specimens |
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Term
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Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB or Consumption.
Mycobacterium leprae causes Hansen’s disease
Mycobacterium bovis causes Bovine TB |
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Term
Endospore Stains
(Shaeffer-Fulton) |
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Definition
Stains are used to detect endospores
Dye is forced by HEAT into resistant bodies called endospores. |
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Term
| What is the primary stain in Endospore Stains? |
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Definition
| Malachite green is the primary stain |
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Term
| What is the counter stain in Endospore stains? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| simple stains used to show special structures on the microbe |
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Term
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Definition
Flagellar stains
Negative stains
Fluorescent stains. |
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Term
| Flagellar stains are used to reveal |
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Definition
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Term
| Flagella filaments are so thin that they can only be seen with an |
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Definition
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Term
| Flagella can only be seen with a light microscope after a |
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Definition
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Term
| The flagellar stain enlarges the filament by depositing a |
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Definition
| coating of the stain on the flagella. |
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Term
| Gram stain results that are pink are |
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Definition
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Term
| Gram stain results that are purple are |
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Definition
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Term
| Which stains use heat to drive the stain in? |
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Definition
| Acid fast stains and endospore stains |
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Term
| Carl Woese developed a system of |
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Definition
| Three Domains. (super-kingdoms) 1980s |
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Term
| Carl Woese Domains were based on the sequence of |
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Definition
| DNA nucleotides that code for rRNA. |
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Term
| Robert Whittaker proposed a system (1969) that recognized |
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Definition
Five Kingdoms:
Plant
Animal
Fungi
Protist (protozoa)
Monera (bacteria). |
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Term
| What is the Domain System? |
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Definition
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Term
| what process uses refraction of light to make the apparent size of an object larger? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is there are consensus between taxonomists? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the term growth in microbiology mean? |
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Definition
| an increase in the number of microbial cells. |
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Term
| The first true vaccine protected humans against what type of organism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Endospores survive a variety of harsh conditions in part because of the presence of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
feed self, nutrition
feed themselves, self feeders, automatic.
Plants are also examples of autotrophs. |
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Term
| Autotrophs obtain carbon atoms from |
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Definition
| CO2 and make their own organic compounds like plants |
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Term
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Definition
eat other, nutrition
different (other) feeders. |
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Term
| Heterotrophs obtain carbon atoms from |
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Definition
| organic compounds from other organisms like animals (humans) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Heterotrophs breakdown other organism’s proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acid and use those Carbon atoms to |
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Definition
| make their own organic compounds. |
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Term
| Microbes are categorized into which two groups based on whether they use chemicals or light as source of energy? |
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Definition
Chemotrophs use chemicals for energy (we use chemical glucose)
Phototrophs use light for energy |
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Term
| Chemotrophs are_____ that acquire energy from chemical reactions involving inorganic and organic chemicals. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Animals
Fungi
Protozoa
Bacteria
Archaea. |
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Term
| Phototrophs are bacteria that acquire energy from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Photosynthetic archaea = cyanobacteria. Annabeana
Plants and algae are phototrophs. |
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Term
Type of organism: Photoautotroph
Energy Source=? Carbon source=? |
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Definition
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Term
Type of organism: Photoheterotrophs
Energy Source=? Carbon source=? |
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Definition
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Term
Type of organism: Chemoautotrophs
Energy Source=? Carbon source=? |
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Definition
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Term
Type of organism: Chemoheterotroph
Energy Source=? Carbon source=? |
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Definition
| organic compounds, organic compds |
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Term
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Definition
| Sputum is mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Oxygen is deadly for them |
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Term
| Obligate Aerobes use aerobic metabolism which has an absolute requirement for |
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Definition
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Term
| grow better in presence of O2 but can grow without O2. |
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Definition
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Term
| Facultative Anaerobes use _____ metabolism and grow best in presence of O2 but can grow in its absence. |
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Definition
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Term
| require just a small amount of O2 from 2-10%. |
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Definition
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Term
| Obligate (strict) Anaerobes |
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Definition
cannot grow if O2 is present.
Ex. Clostridia
The presence of O2 often kills bacteria |
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Term
They do not use aerobic metabolism
They cannot multiply if O2 is present
They are often killed in the present of O2 |
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Definition
| Obligate (strict) Anaerobes |
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Term
| They cannot use O2 but tolerate it fairly well. |
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Definition
| Aerotolerant anaerobes are anaerobic bacteria |
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Term
| Aerotolerant anaerobes can tolerate O2 and can grow in the presence of oxygen because |
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Definition
| They have enzymes that detoxify oxygen’s poisonous forms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacteria cells. (does not reproduce) |
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Term
| How are endospores formed? 8 step process |
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Definition
1)Vegetative cell's DNA is replicated
2)DNA aligns along long axis
3)cytoplasmic membrane invaginates to form forespore
4)Second membrane forms around the forespore and the vegetative cell's DNA disintegrates.
5) Calcium and dipicolinic acid is deposited between the first and second membranes.
6)Spore coat forms around endospore
7) Spore coat maturation complete. Results in an increase in resistance to heat and chemicals.
8) Endospore released from original cell |
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Term
| Two types of Microscopes: |
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Definition
Simple microscope
Compound Microscope |
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Term
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Definition
| one lens = magnifying glass |
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Term
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Definition
| two lens: objective lens and an ocular lens |
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