Term
| What are the Processes of Life? |
|
Definition
1.Growth and development = increase in size
2. Reproduction and heredity (genome) = increase in number
3. Responsiveness and movement = ability to react to environmental stimuli
4. Metabolism = controlled chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Greek for “true nucleus”
Nuclear membrane surrounds DNA forming a nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Greek for “before nucleus” |
|
|
Term
| Two types of Prokaryotes: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotes Nucleus is bounded by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eukaryote’s genome or nucleic acid for heredity material is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Eukaryotes larger than prokaryotes and more complex or smaller than eukaryocytes and less complex? |
|
Definition
| Eukaryotes are larger than prokaryotes and more complex. |
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotes have a _______ membrane? |
|
Definition
| Cytoplasmic membrane = plasma membrane containing the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Some Eukaryotes also have a ______outside the plasma membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some Eukaryotes also have a ______outside the plasma membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structures within the cytoplasm of Eukaryotes may include: |
|
Definition
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Chloroplast
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Gogi apparatus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants |
|
|
Term
| How long have prokaryotes been on Earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long have prokaryotes been on Earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prokaryote's genome or nucleic acid for the chromosomes is ? |
|
Definition
| DNA which is not enclosed within a nuclear membrane, but located in the cytoplasm. |
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|
Term
| Prokaryote’s DNA is One circular chromosome called the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacterial Chromosome is spread centrally throughout the_____? What is that region called? |
|
Definition
the cell’s cytoplasm
This region is called the nucleiod. |
|
|
Term
| Prokaryote’s DNA is One circular chromosome called the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacterial Chromosome is spread centrally throughout the_____? What is that region called? |
|
Definition
the cell’s cytoplasm
This region is called the nucleiod. |
|
|
Term
| Are prokaryotes smaller or larger than eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotes lack internal membrane bound what? (3 things) |
|
Definition
ER
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotes contain ______in the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In prokaryotes, where do most metabolic reactions occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genetic material of most bacteria consist of a circular strand of DNA called the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacterial Chromosomes contains essential what? |
|
Definition
| essential genetic material for survival |
|
|
Term
| Plasmids are not part of the ___? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasmids are separate, double stranded circles of DNA fragments. |
|
|
Term
| Are plasmids essential for bacterial growth and metabolism?-QOT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmids often contain protective genes. Name 4. |
|
Definition
Drug resistance
Fertility factors
Genes for producing toxins
Certain enzymes. |
|
|
Term
| Plasmids can become integrated into?-QOT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any DNA molecule LOVES to?-QOT |
|
Definition
| incorporate into another DNA molecule |
|
|
Term
| Because Plasmids can become integrated into bacterial chromosome they are? |
|
Definition
| They are important tools used in genetic engineering |
|
|
Term
| Plasmids can be manipulated in labs. What are two things that they can do? |
|
Definition
| they can be transferred from one bacterial cell to another bacterial cell or yeast cell. |
|
|
Term
| Three Parts of Prokaryotic Cell are? |
|
Definition
Structures External to the Cell Wall
The Cell Envelope
Structures Internal to the Cell Wall |
|
|
Term
| Structures External to the Prokaryotic Cell Wall are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the Structures External to the prokaryotic Cell Wall are Appendages which include: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the Structures External to the prokaryotic Cell Wall is Glycocalyx which can either be a: |
|
Definition
Capsule Or Slime layer
Capsule resists phagocytosis
Slime layer doesn’t resist phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Glycocalyces are a general term for? |
|
Definition
| substances surrounding bacterial cell |
|
|
Term
| Many bacteria secrete slimy, or gummy materials on their surfaces called a |
|
Definition
| “sugar cup” or Glycocalyx |
|
|
Term
| Glycocalyces = “sugar cup” that consists of? |
|
Definition
Polypeptides(proteins)
Polysaccharides
Or both. |
|
|
Term
| This gelatinous, sticky substance surrounds the outside of the bacterial cell wall. What is it? |
|
Definition
Glycocalyces = “sugar cup” that consist ofPolypeptides(proteins),Polysaccharides
Or both. |
|
|
Term
Two Types of Glycocalyces-QOT
If the glycocalyx is organized and tightly attached=? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two Types of Glycocalyces-QOT
If the glycocalyx is unorganized and loosely attached =? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 Functions of Capsules and Slime Layers |
|
Definition
1.They aid in attachment to surfaces.
2. They prevent phagocytosis by WBC which increases the bacteria’s pathogenicity. (capsule slide in lab)
3. They protect the bacteria from dehydration. |
|
|
Term
| What advantage does a glycocalyx provide a cell?-QOT |
|
Definition
| A glycocalyx provides protection from dying and being devoured. It may also help atach cells to one another and to surfaces in the environment.-QOT |
|
|
Term
| Capsules allow the bacteria to attach to solid surfaces and form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do Biofilms form? (name 7 places) |
|
Definition
Teeth
Tonsils
Infected tissues
Plastic catheters
IUD
Metal pacemakers
Industrial pipelines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biofilms are a complex community of microbes that form a protective adhesive matrix that attaches microbes to surfaces. |
|
|
Term
| what is a slimy community of microbes growing on a surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microbes in a biofilm can be different what? 2 things |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In lab, we will learn to recognize Capsules using? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative Stains allow us to? Why? |
|
Definition
| “see” capsules because the capsule does not take up the stain. Capsule appears white |
|
|
Term
| One example of a Negative Stain in lab uses the stain-QOT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the stain, India ink, penetrate the capsule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the capsule show up as using the stain India ink? |
|
Definition
| the capsule shows up as a white “halo” around K. pneumoniae. |
|
|
Term
| What are functions of a capsule? |
|
Definition
Aid in attachment to surfaces
Capsules inhibit phagocytosis
and intracellular digestion by phagocytic cells
Prevent drying out
Enhance formation of biofilms, stick to surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
External Structures to the Cell Wall :
Appendages include: |
|
Definition
Flagella for swimming
Pili for exchanging genetic info
Fimbriae for attaching to surfaces |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial Flagella Can move by means of rotating flagella how many degrees? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flagella are easily seen with which type of microscope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can Flagella be seen with a light microscope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flagella are so thin they must be stained with a _____ Stain to observe under a light microscope. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Propel microorganism away from harm
2.Propel microorganism toward food |
|
|
Term
| Flagella Movement is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Movement toward light = positive phototaxis
Movement toward chemical = positive chemotaxis
Flagella move bacteria by runs and tumbles |
|
|
Term
| . Flagella move bacteria by ___ and _____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the flagellum runs what is it doing? |
|
Definition
| flagellum rotates counterclockwise and cell swims forward. |
|
|
Term
| Runs is called what 2 things? |
|
Definition
| Runs called positive chemotaxis, or positive phototaxis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotic Movement Tumble |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the flagella tumbles, what does it do? |
|
Definition
| flagellum rotates clockwise and cell stops and tumbles and changes direction. |
|
|
Term
| Tumbles are abrupt, random, changes in direction that ____? QOT |
|
Definition
| increase under unfavorable stimuli. QOT |
|
|
Term
| Tumbles cause what kinds of taxis? |
|
Definition
| Tumbles cause negative chemotaxis, or negative phototaxis |
|
|
Term
| Flagella are arranged in four ways-QOT |
|
Definition
Monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous |
|
|
Term
Flagella are arranged in four ways
1. Monotrichous= |
|
Definition
| one flagellum at end -QOT |
|
|
Term
Flagella are arranged in four ways:
2. Lophotrichous= |
|
Definition
| clump of flagella called a tuft, at one end of the cell-QOT |
|
|
Term
Flagella are arranged in four ways:
3. Amphitrichous= |
|
Definition
| flagella at two ends of cell-QOT |
|
|
Term
Flagella are arranged in four ways:
4. Peritrichous= |
|
Definition
| flagella covering entire cell- QOT |
|
|
Term
| Monotrichous= one flagellum at end |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lophotrichous = tuft of flagella at one end |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amphitrichous = flagella at both ends |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peritrichous = surrounded by flagella |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Endoflagella form an Axial Filament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endoflagella form an Axial Filament, These bacteria move though their environment with a ____ rotation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The microbe that causes _______ is a spirochete with an endoflagella. |
|
Definition
| syphilis, Treponema pallidum |
|
|
Term
Treponemapallidumcauses syphilis = spirochete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Fimbriae and Pili invloved in locomotion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Fimbriae and Pili invloved in interations with other cells? QOT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of fimbriae? |
|
Definition
sticky, proteinaceous, bristlelike fibers.
they make the bacterium look like a porcupine.
There may be hundreds or thousands of fimbriae per bacterial cell.
|
|
|
Term
| There may be hundreds or thousands of _____ per bacterial cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fimbriae enable microbes to |
|
Definition
| stick to each other and to other surfaces. |
|
|
Term
| Fimbriae can serve as _____ factors and are also called ______. |
|
Definition
| adherence factors , adhesions |
|
|
Term
| Fimbriae are found forming ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Remember: Biofilms are slimy masses of bacteria adhering to surface such as: |
|
Definition
Rocks
Glass
Human tissue
Catheters
Industrial pipeline
Aggregates of bacteria in liquid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Conjugation pilus
or
Sex pilus |
|
|
Term
| Pili are long hollow tubules composed of _____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gram negative bacteria usually have_____ pili per microbe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pili join two_____ together and transfer___ from one bacterial cell to another bacteria. What is this transfer called? |
|
Definition
bacterial cells, DNA.
This transfer is called conjugation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conjugation is a form of genetic exchange between bacteria. (Remember bacteria replicate asexually)-QOT |
|
|
Term
| Remember bacteria replicate _____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three Parts of Prokaryotic Cell |
|
Definition
1.Structures external to cell wall
2.The cell envelope
3.Structures internal to the cell wall. |
|
|
Term
| Cell Envelope consist of two parts: |
|
Definition
1.cell wall of prokaryotic cell
2.cell membrane of prokaryotic cell |
|
|
Term
| Do human cells have a cell wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Cell Wall of Bacteria is just outside the bacteria’s ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacterial Cell wall provides? (3 things)-QOT |
|
Definition
1.Shape and rigidity
2.Protects bacterial cell from toxic substances
3.Most importantly, the cell wall prevents the cell from bursting or exploding in hypotonic solutions. (Fluid in our body) |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial Cell wall is made up of ?-QOT |
|
Definition
| Repeating layers of rigid carbohydrate and protein layers called peptidoglycan (PG). |
|
|
Term
| Archaea have cell walls but they are not made up of______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peptidoglycan is macromolecule found ONLY in _______?-QOT |
|
Definition
bacteria.
Try to visualize a layered chain length fence, now stack the chain length fences one on top of the other. |
|
|
Term
| Peptidoglycan is made up of long chains of? |
|
Definition
| polysaccharides (sugars) called glycans |
|
|
Term
| Peptidoglycan is macromolecule found ONLY in _______?-QOT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycans are cross linked with _______ made up of four amino acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The glycans (polysaccharides sugars) are made up of chemicals called? |
|
Definition
1.N-acetylglucosamine or glucosamine abbreviated NAG
2. N-acetylmuramic acid or muramic acid abbreviated NAM |
|
|
Term
| Two basic types of bacterial cell walls are?-QOT |
|
Definition
1.Gram positive (20-80 nm, thick layer of PG)
2.Gram negative (2-7nm, thin layer of PG) |
|
|
Term
| Gram-Positive Cell Walls Have thick layers of _______ pressed tightly against the cell membrane. There is little space between the cell wall and cell membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell walls of gram positive bacteria retain crystal violet dye in _______ procedure. QOT |
|
Definition
| Gram staining-Bacteria appear purple under magnification. |
|
|
Term
| Gram-Negative Cell Walls are composed of a much thinner layer of _____?-QOT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Gram-Negative Cell Walls Periplasmic space is located where? |
|
Definition
| on either side (surrounds) the peptidoglycan layer. |
|
|
Term
| Why is the Gram negative cell’s Outer Membrane unlike any other membrane in nature? |
|
Definition
The outer membrane has a lipid bi-layer.
The inner leaflet of the outer membrane is made up of phospholipids and proteins (similar to a human cell membrane). |
|
|
Term
| The more important outside leaflet of the Outer Membrane is made up of what layer?-QOT |
|
Definition
| Lipopolysaccharides layer called the LPS. |
|
|
Term
| The lipid portion of LPS is known as?-QOT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of LPS layer-QOT |
|
Definition
1.LPS forms a protective barrier which excludes toxic compounds to bacteria including antibiotics
2.LPS resist phagocytocis and resist complement proteins.
3.When gram negative bacteria die, the LPS releases Lipid A an endotoxin. |
|
|
Term
| Lipid A causes: KNOW THESE |
|
Definition
Fever
Inflammation
Vasodilation that can lead to shock
Blood coagulation
Fibrinolysis (breakdown of blood clots)
Weakness
Diarrhea, vomiting, gas
Intestinal hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| Any infection with Gram negative bacteria is cause for concern.Why?-QOT |
|
Definition
Because treatment with antibiotics may kill the bacteria
Release Lipid A
Giving the antibiotic may cause more harm than good due to consequences: Lipid A.(Many types of Gastroenteritis caused by Gram – bacteria) |
|
|
Term
| When covered with the decolorizer, does the Cell Wall of gram negative bacteria retain the crystal violet dye after decolorization?-QOT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram negative bacteria cells look red under microscope due to what? |
|
Definition
| counterstain with saffarin dye |
|
|
Term
| Name 4 Characteristics of Gram negative cell walls |
|
Definition
1.Outer membrane contains LPS an extra barrier.
2.More impervious to antimicrobial agents, antibiotics, and disinfectants
3.More difficult to kill than Gram +
4.Lipid A causes gas, diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, fever, inflammation, vasodilation, shock, blood clotting, fibrinolysis, GI bleeding |
|
|
Term
| Penicillin and cephalosporin kill bacteria by targeting the synthesis of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Penicillin and cephalosporin kill bacteria by targeting the synthesis of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does penicillin and cephalosporin not harm animal cells(Human cells)? QOT |
|
Definition
| because animal cell’s lack cell wall and PG. |
|
|
Term
| Why do Penicillin and cephalosporin (barring allergic reactions) have few side affects on humans? |
|
Definition
| because they target the PG layer of the cell wall of bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Do Archaea Cell Walls have peptidoglycan? |
|
Definition
| Archael Cell Walls do not have peptidoglycan and are classified as a separate Domain. |
|
|
Term
| Archael cell walls contain variety of specialized what? |
|
Definition
| polysaccharides and proteins. |
|
|
Term
| Do Archaea Cell Walls have peptidoglycan? |
|
Definition
| Archael Cell Walls do not have peptidoglycan and are classified as a separate Domain. |
|
|
Term
| Most Archaea live in ______ environments”. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Have Archaea been found to be pathogenic to humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Have Archaea been found to be pathogenic to humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some Archael cells can live in extreme environment such as? Name 4 things |
|
Definition
Hot springs
Polar regions
Dead Sea
Bottom of oceans. |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Eukaryote’s Cell Walls: Name 3 things |
|
Definition
Plants and fungi have cell walls
Plants have cellulose in their cell wall
Fungi have chitin in their cell walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacteria and Archaea have cell walls
Bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls
Archaea lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls |
|
|
Term
| Some bacteria lack cell wall entirely nameone-QOT |
|
Definition
Mycoplasma pneumoniae naturally lacks a cell wall.
Mycoplasma pneumonia causes atypical pneumonia or walking pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria that lack cell walls will have a range of shapes from ____ to _____. |
|
Definition
| filamentous to spherical. |
|
|
Term
| In the past, these bacteria that lacked a cell wall were mistaken for viruses because they are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotic cell membrane is composed of |
|
Definition
| lipids and proteins in a phospholipid bilayer. |
|
|
Term
| There are no steroids in prokaryotic cell membranes. (Remember this!! QOT) |
|
Definition
| There are no steroids in prokaryotic cell membranes. (Remember this!! QOT) |
|
|
Term
| Do Eukaryotic cells have steroids in cell membranes?-QOT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins in Bacterial cell membrane function as: 5 things |
|
Definition
Recognition proteins
Enzymes
Receptors
Carrier proteins
Channel proteins |
|
|
Term
| Proteins in Bacterial Cell Membrane are the sites for: 3 things |
|
Definition
Energy reactions
Nutrient processing and synthesis
Regulating transport. |
|
|
Term
| Is the Bacterial Cell membrane selectively permeable? By what modes of transport? |
|
Definition
| Yes passive transport or active transport. |
|
|
Term
| The Cytoplasm of Prokaryotes contains what 7 things? QOT |
|
Definition
Proteins
Ribosomes (70s)
Lipids
Enzymes
Ions
Waste
Inclusions (reserve deposits of lipids, CHO, or vesicles that store gases) |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria have thousands of _____(sites of protein synthesis) in the cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Bacterial ribosomes smaller or larger in size than eukaryotes ribosomes?-QOT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacterial ribosomes have a sedimentation rate of what number?-QOT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotic Ribosomes have a sedimentations rate of?-QOT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Certain Antibiotics can selectively target the bacteria’s _________ which will inhibit ________ in the bacteria. |
|
Definition
| ribosomes of 70s, protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| If the bacteria cannot carry out protein synthesis, what will happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do hypertonic solutions kill bacteria that would otherwise spoil these foods?-QOT |
|
Definition
| Bacteria crenate (lose water) |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of foods that are preserved in hypertonic salt environment? |
|
Definition
| Pickles are preserved in a hypertonic salt environment: Salted hams, salted fish |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a food that is preserved in hypertonic sugar environment? |
|
Definition
Jams and jellies are preserved in hypertonic sugar environment
Pickles are preserved in a hypertonic salt environment: Salted hams, salted fish |
|
|
Term
| Dehydration preserves dried fruit, dried grains. Why don't the bacteria metabolize? |
|
Definition
| Because bacteria need water to metabolize |
|
|
Term
| Do Eukaryotic Cells all have Cell Membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell membrane, cell wall (cellulose), DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell membrane, some cell wall, DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell membrane, cell wall (chitin), DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
External Structures of Eukaryotic Cells:
Animals and protozoa cells lack cell wall but some contain_____(capsules) which anchor cells together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fungi, algae, and plants lack _____ but contain____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extensions of cell membrane; protozoa, sperm cells of mammals (also in bacteria) |
|
|
Term
| Cilia located on some _____ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do Bacteria have cilia?-QOT |
|
Definition
| Bacteria do not have cilia! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA which is surrounded by nuclear membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Body
Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles, and Vesicles, Centrioles
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
| Membranous ans Nonmembranous organelles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Comparision of Prokaryote’s and Eukaryote’s |
|
Definition
|
|
