initiation 

-promotion

process that causes an alteration in the genetic structure of the DNA which is associated with exposure to a carcinogen.

**this change primes the cell to become cancerous

process that is the repeated exposure to the carcinogen causes the initiated cells to mutate.

**during this step a tumore forms

1. Cancer cells can invade blood or lymph vessels

2.cancer cells can move by mechanical means

3. cancer cells can lodge and grow in a new location

sore that doesnt heal,change color,ulcerates or bleeds

-unusual bleeding or discharge from any opening in the body

-lump or swelling that has progressively enlarged with or without pain 

-indigestion or difficulty swallowing

-change in bowel or bladder habits 

-obvious change in size or texture in wart or mole

-non smokers cough or hoarseness longer than 2 weeks

-unexplained fever,tiredness and/or wt loss of 10%

-persistent pain or discomfort in the abdomen

folate(fruits,veg.,enriched grain products

diet rich in fresh veg. and fruits

dx of cancer

cancer origin

monitor effect of therapy

determine remission

international system for comparison of statistics among cancer centers

-classifies solid tumors by size and degree of spread

used for symptom control

-reduce size especially if compressing nerves or blocking passage of bodily fluids.

-increases pts comfort when a cure is not possible

time

distance

grom 3-4 ft in ht with normal body proportions

-slow sexual maturation & mental retardation may be evident

adults bones increase in size-face,hands,feet

-long bones get wider but not longer

excessive thyroid hormone.

-increases the metabolic rate causing fight and flight symptoms

most common cause in young women and is an autoimmune disease.

-smoking increased risk

enlargement of the thyroid gland.

-can be seen in someone that has hypo/hyperthyroidism or if they are in a euthyroid state

caused by low serum calcium levels.

-C/O tingling in fingers and perioral area,muscle spasms,twitching,and cardiac problems.

overactivity of one or more parathyroid gland.

-calcium in blood would increase because it will move out of the bone

-phosphate would decrease

group of metabolic diseases where insulin defects cause hyperglycemia.

-complications of blindness,kidney failure,heart attacks,amputations and strokes

some  insulin is still made by the pancreas.

-hereditary and obesity are causes

develops during pregnancy

-blood glucose normally returns to normal after the baby is delivered but mother has higher risk to develop later in life

impaired glucose tolerance

-GTT is performed and glucose is 140-200 after 2 hrs and fasting glucose levels are btw 110 and 126

is used with insulin and reduces glucose levels following meals, and promotes wt loss.

-higher risk of hypoglycemia

occurs when glucose level is too high and insulin is to low or absent.

-most commonly seen in type 1 diabetes but can occur in type 2 also

causes uterus and mammary glands to contract.

-cervix stretching and baby suckling

stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol and other hormones.

-release stimulated by corticotrophin RH in stressful situations

hormone that initiates and maintains milk production

targets the bones

-really important in childhood

-prevents Ca+ and phosphate from leaving the bone and going into the blood

secretes epinephrin and norepinepine which mimics sympathetic nervous symptoms and prolongs the response,

steroid hormone that causes Na+ to be reabsorbed into the blood and K+ to be loss in the urine

-helps prevent acidosis,maintains blood volume, & pressure

steroid hormone where cortisol causes the body to convert products of metabolism (glucose) tog lycogen in the liver which is esp. needed for brain function.

-has an anti inflammatory effect due to blocking antihistamine

helps glucose leave the blood & enter the cells for energy.

-also stimulates liver and muscles to change glucose to glycogen and be stored for later use.

**baseline neuro exam,

-avoid coughing,sneezing,blowing nose, straining to have BM,bending at waist,etc or any activity that increases pressure on surgical site

can be asymptomatic,fatigue,depression,increased urination,kidney stones,heart arrythmias.

-pt high risk for pathological fx and joint pain

insulin given when food tray reaches the floor

-clear

insulin taken 30-60 min before a meal

-clear

insulin that covers half the day or overnight

-combined with rapid or short acting insulin

-cloudy