Term
| amt of blood ejected from the left ventricle in 1 min |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| force of blood against the walls of BV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the pathways of circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arteries,veins,capillaries |
|
|
Term
| deposit of lipids in the walls of arteries over years,narrowing their lumens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in aging & the cardiovascualar system? |
|
Definition
aging of BV begins in childhood, & effects appear later in life
-atherosclerosis,heart muscle becomes less efficient,valves can become thickened, leading to heart murmur,decrease in cardiac output & HR |
|
|
Term
| What i the #1 killer of ppl in the US? |
|
Definition
| cardiovascular disease,greatest death in women |
|
|
Term
| what are the risk factors of cardiovascular disease? |
|
Definition
| smoking,dietart fat intake, lack of exercise |
|
|
Term
shows the hearts response to ^ O2 needs during exercise
- used to evaluate coronary artery disease, diagnose cardiac arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, & monitor pts with CHF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pre procedure for a stress test? |
|
Definition
| get baseline vitals and ECG, pt not to smoke, eat, or drink for 2-4 hrs before the test, wear comfortable clothing & shoes, |
|
|
Term
| post procedure of a stress test? |
|
Definition
| rest & wait to eat, avoid stimulants such as caffeine or temp extremes |
|
|
Term
| what is a stress test considered completed? |
|
Definition
| when pt reaches peak HR (pts age subtracted from 220) or pts experiences chest pain, or is unable to continue exercising or develops changes in VS or ECG |
|
|
Term
| (amino acid) elevated levels can indicate risk for cardiovascular disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| elevated levels can indicate low grade inflammation in coronary vessels, can predict heart attack risk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leukocyte enzyme-high levels in ruptured plaques-can predice risk of heart attack up to 6 months in avance with elevated levels for pts with chest pain |
|
Definition
| Myeloperoxidase Antigen (MPO) |
|
|
Term
| proteins that are highly sensitive indicators of myocardial damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| damaged or dead heart cells rupture & release enzymes into the bloodstream causing increased serum levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal range or cholesterol? |
|
Definition
140-200mg/dl
>200 increased CAD risk |
|
|
Term
| normal ranges for triglycerides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal ranges of phospholipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal ranges for lipoproteins? |
|
Definition
| LDL <100 desirable, elevated= risk for CAD |
|
|
Term
| what blood lipid protects against CAD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the higher the HDL, the less likely a person is to develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the average range of HDL in men & women? |
|
Definition
men= 45mg/dl
women= 55mg/dl |
|
|
Term
| what range of HDL in considered low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
invasive diagnostic procedure that measures pressures in heart chambers, great blood vessels and coronary arteries
-provides info on cardiac output, and O2 saturation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pre procedure for heart cath? |
|
Definition
| informed consent, assess for allergies to iodine,strawberries,shellfish,and dyes,NPO prior to procedure |
|
|
Term
| post procedure for heart cath? |
|
Definition
| pressure dsg or sandbag applied to site for several hrs,VS, assess punture site & peripheral pulses, keep extremity used still for several hrs, pt may eat, encourage fluids, |
|
|
Term
| what are the therapeutic interventions for cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
| exercise(20-30min,3xs weekly), stop smoking, low cholesterol, saturated fats & sodium diet if excess fluid is a problem, encourage 5-6 servings of fruits or veggies daily, ^ fish intake & eating poultry without skin |
|
|
Term
| when is a pt classified as prehypertensive or hyertensive? |
|
Definition
| if the systolic pressure is 120-139 mm Hg or the diastolic is 80-89 mm HG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreaseed stretching ability,increased blood viscosity,increased fluid volume,narrowed vessels, sympathetic nervous system overstimulation causing vasoconstriction, alterations in baroreceptors or chemoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary or essential,secondary,isolated systolic |
|
|
Term
| chronic elevation of BP from an unknown cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| has a known cause, is a sign of another problem such as kidney abnormality or congenital defect, B/P usually returns to normal when the cause is treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| systolic pressure of 140mm HG or greater & diatolic of 90mm HG or less; mainly occurs in elderly, tx with lifestyle changes & then meds if necessary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| h/a, bloody nose, severe anxiety, SOB,target organ disease |
|
|
Term
| nonmodifiable risk factors of HTN? |
|
Definition
| family hx,age/elderly,race & ethnicity, DM |
|
|
Term
| modifiable risk factors for HTN? |
|
Definition
| wt reduction, meal planning, consume no more than 1oz of alcohol per day for men and no more tha 1/2 oz per day for women, ^ exercise, quit smoking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, MI,HF, Stroke,kidney or eye damage,hypertrophy (^ size of left ventricle), target organ disease ( brain,kidneys,retina) |
|
|
Term
| who is at risk for a hypertensive emergency? |
|
Definition
elvations of systolic greater than 180mm Hg and diastolic greater than 120mm Hg
-untreated pts, those who are noncompliant with therapy, those who stop meds abruptly |
|
|
Term
| what med is given for hypertensive emergency? |
|
Definition
| IV Nipride or nitroglycerin |
|
|
Term
| S/S of hypertensive urgency? |
|
Definition
| severe HA,nosebleeds,SOB,severe anxiety |
|
|
Term
| all layer of the heart are inflammed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fever,polyarthritis(inflammation of more than 1 joint),subcutaneous nodules, chorea(involuntary muscle twitching),arthalgia(pain in joint), pnemonitis(inflammation of lungs) rheumatic carditis |
|
|
Term
| s/s of rheumatic carditis? |
|
Definition
| tachycardia,heart murmur,pericardial friction rub, chest pain, heart enlargement,HF |
|
|
Term
| what is the nursing management for rheumatic carditis? |
|
Definition
| take VS (note fever & tachycardia),relieve pain with analgesics,aspirin to prevent blood clot formation & for joint pain,corticosteroids to relieve inflammatory response, assess for s&s for HF,abx(PCN-drug of choice),prophylactic abx |
|
|
Term
| prevention of rheumatic fever? |
|
Definition
| detect with throat culture & treat strep infections promptly with PCN or Erythromycin if allergic to PCN |
|
|
Term
| blood flows in one way b/c of why? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common form of valvular heart disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 or both flaps of the mitral valve bulge backward into the L atrium during systole,may be caused by damage to valve due to infections, ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diagnostic test for mitral valve prolapse? |
|
Definition
| echocardiogram, cardiac cath, auscultation for click or murmur, ECG |
|
|
Term
| S/S of Mitral Valve Prolapse? |
|
Definition
| no symptoms,murmur,severe mitral regurgitation, atypical chest pain (chest pain at rest), dysrhythmias,palpitations,dizziness,syncope,fatigue,dyspnea, or anxiety |
|
|
Term
| therapeutic measures for mitral valve prolapse? |
|
Definition
| no tx unless symptoms, diet, exercise, stress management, avoid caffeine/stimulants,Beta blockers,antidysrhythmic agents if needed,surgical repair or replacement of valve,preventative abx therapy before invasive procedures,aspirin or anticoagulants to help prevent clots |
|
|
Term
narrowing of valve opening
-obstructed blood flow from L atrium into L ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the major cause of mitral stenosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| @ first may be asymptomatic,murmur or click,pulmonary symptoms(most common), fatigue,dizziness,syncope,& activity intolerance from decreased CO,palpitations,chest pain,if emboli(stroke & seizures), if R ventricle fails (symptoms of HF) |
|
|
Term
| surgical incision of the commissure in the valve to increase the size of the opening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| repair or reconstruction of valve flaps- can use prosthetic rings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| therapeutic measures for mitral stenosis |
|
Definition
| no tx if no symptoms,prophylactic abx therapy,anticoagulants,valvuloplasty,commissurotomy,annloplasty |
|
|
Term
| balloon dilates stenosed heart valve once in it inflated within mitral valve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| incomplete closure of mitral valve leaflets,allows backflow of blood into L atrium with each contraction of L ventricle |
|
Definition
| mitral regurgitaion/insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| major cause of mitral regurgitation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S/S of mitral regurgitation? |
|
Definition
| asymptomatic @ first,murmur,exertional dyspenea,fatigue,syncope,cough,edema,palpitations,irregular pulse,weakness,atrial fib,pulmonary HTN, or heart failure |
|
|
Term
| therapeutic measures for mitral regurgitation? |
|
Definition
| prphylactic abx therapy,ACE inhibitors,digitalis,calcium channel blockers,beta blockers,anticoagulant therapy,therapy for HF if indicated,mitral valve repair or replaced |
|
|
Term
| obstruction of blood flow from L ventricle into the aorta due to narrowing of aortic valve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the major cause of aortic stenosis? |
|
Definition
| congenital defects or rheumati heart disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary symptoms (angina)
mumur,syncope,orthopnea,dyspnea on exertion,fatigue are indicators of L ventricular failure,progression can lead to pulmonary edema & r sided heart failure |
|
|
Term
| therapeutic measures for aortic stenosis? |
|
Definition
valve replacement(tx of choice)
prophylactic abx |
|
|
Term
aortic valve cusps do not close completely
-backflow of blood from aorta into L ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S/S of aortic regurgitation? |
|
Definition
| forceful heartbeat esp. when lying down, palpitations,pounding in head,exertional dyspnea,fatigue,orthopnea,corrigan's pulse,L ventricle failure,atypical angina |
|
|
Term
| therapeutic measures for aortic regurgitation? |
|
Definition
| valve replacement (tx of choice) |
|
|
Term
| infection of the endocardium(inner layer of heart) and heart valves(mitral valves most commonly affected then aortic valve) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who is @ risk for infective endocarditis? |
|
Definition
| ppl undergoing dental extractions,prphylactic cleaning,or dental surgery,prolong IV therapy,insertion of cardiac pacemakers,cardiac surgery,trach intubation,repeated GU instrumentation,IV drug abuse,gingival gum disease |
|
|
Term
| prevention of endocarditis? |
|
Definition
| proper oral care & skin care,aabx therapy before invasive or dental procedures for high risk pts with cardiac diseases or prior endocarditis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fever,new murmor,wt loss, splinter hemorrhage,petechiae,janeway lesions,osler's nodes, |
|
|
Term
| black or red-brown longitudinal short lines in distal nailbeds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| small,painless, red-blue lesions on palms & soles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| small,painful nodes on fingers and toes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| therapeutic interventions for endocarditis? |
|
Definition
| hospitalization,IV therapy with PCN,Vancomycin,Amp B daily for 4-6wks,rest,antipyretics for fever,surgical valve replacement may be necessary for severly damaged valve,prophylactic abx therapy lifelong necessity. |
|
|
Term
| acute or chronic inflammation of the pericardium,can occure with or without Pericardial Effusion,Usually occurs 2nd to endocarditis,myocarditis,chest trauma, or MI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chest pain
Classic sign(pericardial friction rub) |
|
|
Term
| how do you relieve chest pain from pericarditis? |
|
Definition
| sitting upright & leaning fwd |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pericardiocentesis,pericardiostomy,pericardiectomy,monitor VS,assess for s&s of HF,cardiac tamponade,rest,analgesics,antipyretics,NSAIDs,corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| inflammation of the myocardium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general chest discomfort,anorexia,enlarged lymph nodes,muscle aches,moist lung sounds with L sided heart failure,distended neck veins,cyanosis,enlarged abdomen, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bedrest,limited activity,O2 for hypoxia,abx for bacteria infections,avoid alcohol & tobacco, cardiotonics to tx heart failure,heart transplant in severe cases,monitor VS,assist pt to reduce fatigue |
|
|
