HORMONES EXERT THEIR EFFECTS ON TARGET TISSUE. HORMONE RECOGNIZES THE TARGET TISSUE BY ATTACHING TO RECEPTORS IN THE CELL MEMBRANE OR WITHIN CELLS OF THE TARGET TISSUE.

- A HORMONE WILL ONLY ACT ON CELLS THAT HAVE A RECEPTOR SPECIFIC FOR THAT HORMONE.

ALL HORMONES PRODUCED BY THE:

ADRENAL CORTEX - (CORTISOL, HYDROCORTISONE, TESTOSTERONE, ESTROGEN, ALDOSTERONE)

SEX GLANDS - (ESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE, TESTOSTERONE)

THYROID HORMONES

LIPID SOLUBLE

WATER SOLUBLE

• SECRETION IN SMALL AMOUNTS OF VARIABLE BUT PREDICTABLE RATES.
• CIRCULATION THROUGH THE BLOOD.
• BINDING TO SPECIFIC CELL RECEPTORS EITHER IN THE CELL MEMBRANE OR WITHIN THE CELL.

THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (TRH)

GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING             (GN-RH)

GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING        (GHRH)

CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING            (CRH)

GROWTH HORMONE-INHIBITING       (GHIH)

PROLACTIN-INHIBITING                   (PIH)

MELANOCYTE-INHIBITING                 (MIH)

VASOPRESSIN  (ADH)

OXYTOCIN

ALL GIRLS FEEL LOOSE TO ME

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE-(ACTH)

GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)

LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)

THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)

MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH)

INSULIN

GLUCAGON

PARATHYROID HORMONE

(PTH)

PRODUCE IN PARATHYROIDS

-TARGET TISSUE: BONE, INTESTINE, KIDNEYS.

-FUNCTIONS: REGULATES CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS BLOOD LEVELS. 

-PROMOTES BONE DEMINERALIZATION & INCREASES INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM; INCREASES SERUM CALCIUM LEVELS.

PRODUCED IN THYROID 

TARGET: BONE TISSUE

FUNCTION: REGULATES CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS BLOOD LEVELS;

DECREASES SERUM CA² + LEVELS.

PRODUCED IN THYROID

TARGET: ALL BODY TISSUES

FUNCTIONS: REGULATES METABOLIC RATE OF ALL CELLS & PROCESSES OF CELL GROWTH & TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION.

PRODUCED IN THYROID

TARGET: ALL BODY TISSUES

FUNCTIONS: PRECURSOR TO T₃

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

(ADH)(VASOPRESSIN)

PRODUCED IN POSTERIOR PITUITARY

TARGET: RENAL TUBULES,VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

FUNCTIONS: PROMOTES REABSORPTION OF WATER, VASOCONSTRICTION.

PRODUCED IN POSTER PITUITARY

TARGET: UTERUS;MAMMARY GLANDS

FUNCTIONS: STIMULATES MILK PRODUCTION SECRETION, UTERINE CONTRACTILITY.

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

TARGET: OVARY & MAMMARY GLANDS IN FEMALES.

FUNCTIONS: STIMULATES MILK PRODUCTIONS IN LACTATING WOMEN; INCREASES IN RESPONSE OF FOLLICLES TO LH & FSH, HAS UNCLEAR EFFECTS IN MEN. 

MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE

(MSH)

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

TARGET: MELANOCYTES IN SKIN

FUNCTIONS: INCREASES MELANIN PRODUCTION IN MELANOCYTES TO MAKE SKIN DARKER IN COLOR.

GONADOTROPIC HORMONES

(FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE)(FSH)

(LUTEINIZING HORMONE)               (LH)

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

TARGET: REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

FUNCTIONS: STIMULATES SEX HORMONE SECRETION, REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN GROWTH, REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS.

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE

(ACTH)

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

TARGET: ADRENAL CORTEX

FUNCTION: FOSTERS GROWTH OF ADRENAL CORTEX, STIMULATES SECRETION OF CORTICOSTEROIDS.

THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE

(TSH)

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

TARGET: THYROID GLAND

FUNCTION:

STIMULATES SYNTHESIS & RELEASE OF THYROID HORMONES

GROWTH & FUNCTION OF THYROID GLAND.

GROWTH HORMONE 

(GH)

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

TARGET: ALL BODY CELLS

FUNCTION: PROMOTES PROTEIN ANABOLISM (GROWTH & TISSUE REPAIR), LIPID MOBILIZATION & CATABOLISM.

GONADS

(TESTES)

TARGET: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

FUNCTION; STIMULATES DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS, SPERMATOGENESIS.

GONADS

(OVARIES)

TARGET: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

FUNCTION: MAINTAINS LINING OF UTERUS NECESSARY FOR SUCCESSFUL PREGNANCY.

GONADS

(OVARIES)

TARGET: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, BREAST.

FUNCTIONS: STIMULATES DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS, PREPARATION OF UTERUS FOR FERTILIZATION & FETAL DEVELOPMENT; STIMULATES BONE GROWTH.

PANCREAS 

(ISLETS OF LANGERHANS)

TARGET: GENERAL

FUNCTIONS: INFLUENCES REGULATION OF PANCREATIC EXOCRINE FUNCTION & METABOLISM OF ABSORBED NUTRIENTS.

PANCREAS

(ISLETS OF LANGERHANS)

TARGET: PANCREAS

FUNCTION: INHIBITS INSULIN & GLUCAGON SECRETION.

GLUCAGON

(FROM ALPHA CELLS)

PANCREAS

(ISLETS OF LANGERHANS)

TARGET: GENERAL

FUNCTIONS: STIMULATES GLYCOGENESIS & GLUCONEOGENESIS.

AMYLIN 

(BETA CELLS)

PANCREAS

(ISLETS OF LANGERHANS)

TARGET: LIVER, STOMACH

FUNCTION: DECREASED GASTRIC MOTILITY, DECREASED GLUCAGON SECRETION, DECREASED ENDOGENOUS GLUCOSE RELEASE FROM LIVER, INCREASED SATIETY(FULLNESS)

INSULIN

(BETA CELLS)

PANCREAS

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

TARGET: GENERAL

FUNCTION: PROMOTES MOVEMENT OF GLUCOSE OUT OF BLOOD & INTO CELLS.

MINERALOCORTICOIDS

(ALDOSTERONE)

ADRENAL CORTEX

TARGET: KIDNEY

FUNCTION: REGULATES SODIUM/POTASSIUM BALANCE & THUS WATER BALANCE

ANDROGENS

(TESTOSTERONE)

(ESTROGEN)

ADRENAL CORTEX

TARGET: REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

FUNCTION: PROMOTES MUSCULINAZATION IN MEN, GROWTH & SEXUAL ACTIVITY IN WOMEN.

CORTICOSTEROIDS

(CORTISOL)

(HYDROCORTISONE)

ADRENAL CORTEX

TARGET: ALL BODY TISSUE

FUNCTION:

     PROMOTES METABOLISM

     RESPONSE TO STRESS

     ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

HYPERTHYROIDISM

(S&S, LABS, TX.)

GO GETTER GERTRUDE GRAVES

CAUSE: #1 GRAVES DISEASE (ENLARGER THYROID, BRAIN TUMOR)

S&S: TREMORS, NO PERIOD, INCREASED BP, INCREASED METABOLISM OF DRUGS, INCREASED HEART RATE, INCREASE BMR, WEIGHT LOSS, HEAT INTOLEANCE, INCREASED PERISTALISIS, DIARRHEA, FATIGUE, DIGITAL CLUBBING, TACHYCARDIA, EDEMA, THIN, VISUAL DISTURBANCES, EXOPTHALMUS.

LABS:

      T3- INCREASED, T4-INCREASED, TSH-DECREASED

TREATMENT: 

      MEDICATION- CLOSER TO EUTHYROID STATE, BETA BLOCKER (ATENOLOL)

     ABLATION-RADIOACTIVE PILL SWALLOW.

     90% OF THYROID                   DESTROYED(REGENERATION)=TAKES 30-60 DAYS.

     CONTRAINDICATED IN PREGNANCY.

SUBTOTAL THYROIDECTOMY-(REMOVAL OF THYROID)(HORMONE REPLACEMENT FOR LIFE)

ACCIDENTAL REMOVAL OF PARATHYROID GLANDS=TETANY (DECREASED CALCIUM) NORMAL 9-10=CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS FOR LIFE.

ASSESS-RESP., HEMMORRHAGE, LARYNGEAL STRIDOR.

THYROID CRISIS/THYROID STORM/THYROTOXICOSIS

(SEVERE HYPOTHYROIDISM)

CAUSE:

      ABRUPTLY STOPPING MEDS, SURGERY MANIPULATION. 

 ND-NON-COMPLIANCE 

HYPOTHYROIDISM

(MORBID MATILDA)

CAUSE:

IODINE DEFICIENCY, REMOVAL OF THYROID GLAND, DESTRUCTION BY RADIATION, REMOVAL OF PITUITARY, GRAVE'S DISEASE, HOSHIMOTO'S DISEASE.

CAUSE OF DEATH- RESPIRATORY FAILURE

CHILD- CRETINISM

S&S:

DULL BLANK STORE, BUG EYES, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, CONSTIPATION, SLOW SPEECH, COLD INTOLERANCE, MASK LIKE FACE, THICKENED SKIN, INCREASED WEIGHT, APATHY, BRADYCARDIA.

LABS:

T3,T4,T3 RU-DECREASED

TSH,CHOLESTEROL-INCREASED

TREATMENT:

REPLACEMENT OF HORMONE (LEVOTHYROXINE-LEVOTHYROID, SYNTHROID, NOROXINE)

(ELDERLY GIVE SMALL DOSES-ASSESS CARDIAC FUNCTION)

CAUSE: INFECTION, COLD, TRAUMA, STOP BP MEDS.

S&S: 

DECREASED BP, DECREASED SODIUM, DECREASED TOLERANCE TO COLD, DECREASED GLUCOSE.

****RESPIRATORY FAILURE****

TWITCHING IN EYE WHEN CHEEK TAPPED.

(MANIFESTATIONS OF TETANY)

TROUSSEAU'S SIGN

(MANIFESTATIONS OF TETANY)