Term
| How many kcal/g in carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many kcal/g in protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) |
|
Definition
| amt of a nutrient needed to the meet the needs of 50% of the population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| level of a nutrient intake sufficient to meet the needs of 98% of the healthy population |
|
|
Term
| Define Adequate Intake (AI)` |
|
Definition
| used when there in insufficient eveidence to establish an EAR/RDA |
|
|
Term
| Define Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) |
|
Definition
| the highest intake level that can be tolerated without the possibility of causing ill effects (toxicity) |
|
|
Term
| What percent of calories should be from carbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of calories should be from fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of calories should be from protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contents in food decrease bacterial growth? |
|
Definition
| high sugar, high salt, high acidity |
|
|
Term
| If food is in the danger zone does it increase or decrease bacterial growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the maximum time a food can be in the danger zone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do oxygen and moisture affect bacterial growth on food? |
|
Definition
| both increase bacterial growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high fever, bloody stool, V/D lasting more than 2 days |
|
|
Term
| Stool cultures can test for FBI's caused by what types of bacteria? |
|
Definition
| campylobacter, salmonella, e. coli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid/electrolyte replacement, bismuth salicylate |
|
|
Term
| Bismuth salicylate cannot be given if |
|
Definition
| the pt has a high fever or diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Are antibiotics commonly given to treat FBI's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the source of salmonella? |
|
Definition
| raw/undercooked eggs, poultry, meat, fruits, veggies. unpasteurized dairy products |
|
|
Term
| What is the source of campylobacter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the source of e. coli? |
|
Definition
| undercooked/raw beef, unpasteurized juices/ciders, fecal contamination of foods, cross contamination |
|
|
Term
| What is the source of staph aureus? |
|
Definition
| humans (food handlers!!), often present on skin, nose or throat (cuts) |
|
|
Term
| What is the source of listeria? |
|
Definition
| unpasteurized dairy products, sliced deli meats, hot dogs, smoked fish, deli prepared salads |
|
|
Term
| What is the source of botulism? |
|
Definition
| improperly prepared canned foods |
|
|
Term
| Honey should not be fed to infants less than |
|
Definition
| 12 mos --> may cause botulism!! |
|
|
Term
| What groups are at risk for FBI's? |
|
Definition
-immunocomprimised
-elderly
-pregnant/nursing women
-bottle fed infants
-those with liver disease |
|
|
Term
| Bottle fed infants are specifically at risk for |
|
Definition
| salmonella (warm milk left at room temp for hours) |
|
|
Term
| Those with liver disease are specifically at risk for |
|
Definition
| vibrio vulnificus (from oysters) |
|
|
Term
| True or false: foods should be stored 6 inches above the floor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where should food be thawed? |
|
Definition
-fridge, not counter
-cool water bath
-microwave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cooking temp for ground beef |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cooking temp for chicken breast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where should raw meat be stored in the fridge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-monosaccharides
-disaccharides
**Think -ose (glucose, fructose, sucrose, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-polysaccharides (think "amy")
-glycogen |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of carbs? |
|
Definition
-to provide energy (brain/nerve tissue)
-provide fiber
-protein sparing effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is glycogen stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liver/muscle glycogen is converted to glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fat/protein are converted to glucose |
|
|
Term
| what happens if you don't consume enough carbs? |
|
Definition
| fat is metabolized causing ketones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if you eat too many carbs? |
|
Definition
| extra glucose is converted to triglycerides |
|
|
Term
| Where are triglycerides stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| convert liver glycogen to glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sweetest of all sugars? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when maltose ferments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the average american consumes how many lbs of of sugar per day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recommended amount of sugar for men per day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recommended sugar for women per day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only part left in refined grains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bran, wheat germ, endosperm |
|
|
Term
| What does insoluble fiber do? |
|
Definition
| helps with regularity, adds bulk to the stool |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whole grains, brown rice, seeds, popcorn, oatmeal, nuts, wheat bran, leafy green beggies, broccoli |
|
|
Term
| What does soluble fiber do? |
|
Definition
| helps with cholesterol reduction |
|
|
Term
| What are some soluble fiber sources? |
|
Definition
| legumes, oatmeal, apples, grapes, citrus fruits, pears, banana |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of fat? |
|
Definition
-energy
-structure
-insulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meats, shortening, butterfat, vegetable oils, eggs, dairy, tropical oils |
|
|
Term
| Unsatured fats are made up by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| olive/canola oil, nuts, avocado |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corn, safflower, canola, sesame, and sunflower oils, fish and margarine |
|
|
Term
| What do MUFA's and PUFA's do to blood cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does saturated fat do to the blood cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trans fat does what to cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vegetable oils, salad dressings, prepared foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tuna, salmon, mackerel, sardines, rainbow trout, flaxseed and walnuts |
|
|
Term
| Do americans consume adequate amounts of Omega-3's and omega-6's? |
|
Definition
| the consume adequate omega-6's, not enough omega-3's |
|
|
Term
| Partially hydrogenated means the same thing as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emulsifier (holds fat and water in suspension) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| salad dressings, sauces, gravies, cheeses |
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol is the basis for |
|
Definition
-steroid derivatives
-vitamin D |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 4 things transport lipoproteins? |
|
Definition
-chylomicrons
-VLDL
-HDL
-LDL |
|
|
Term
| High fat intakes can be associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many servings of fatty fish should you eat per week? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of kcal should be from saturated fats? |
|
Definition
| less than 10%(less than 7% if at risk for CAD) |
|
|
Term
| How many mg of cholesterol per day? |
|
Definition
| less than 300 (less than 200 if at risk for CAD) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| must be obtained from diet (9) |
|
|
Term
| What causes protein denaturation? |
|
Definition
-heat
-light
-acid
-alcohol
-enzymes
-mechanical action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-growth/maintenence
-enzymes
-hormones
-blood clotting
-immune response
-fluid/electrolyte replacement
-acid/base balance
-transportation
-energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, and soy |
|
|
Term
| Highest quality protein sources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vegans may need to take which supplements? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin B12, vitamin D, Fe, Zn, Ca |
|
|
Term
| Average protein needed for a healthy adult |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Too much protein can cause |
|
Definition
-Obesity
-Heart disease
-Cancer
-Osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
| Do Americans eat enough protein? |
|
Definition
| Most eat too much protein |
|
|
Term
| Do vitamins provide energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of vitamins produced deficiencies that take longer to develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water soluble vitamin deficiencies occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Whole or enriched grains and flours, lean pork, legumes, seeds, and nuts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mainly milk/milk products |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of thiamin deficiency |
|
Definition
| Beriberi (Wet, Dry, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome) |
|
|
Term
| Riboflavin is very sensitive to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of riboflavin deficiency |
|
Definition
| Cheilosis, inflammation of mouth and tongue, dermatitis, sensitivity to sun |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a precursor to niacin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Niacin deficiency symptoms |
|
Definition
| Pellagra 3 Ds (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia) and eventually death |
|
|
Term
| Who is at risk for niacin deficiency? |
|
Definition
-those who overconsume alcohol
-malabsorption |
|
|
Term
| What is the UL for niacin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whole grains and cereals, legumes, chicken, fish, pork, and eggs |
|
|
Term
| Recommended intake for B6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
9 cups per day women
13 cups per day men |
|
|
Term
| Do minerals yield energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do minerals remain stable when cooked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What minerals are at suboptimal levels in the US? |
|
Definition
-calcium
-iron
-magnesium
-zinc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-dairy products
-green leafy veggies |
|
|
Term
| Recommended intake for phosphorus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-meat, poultry, fish, eggs
-milk/milk products, nuts, legumes, cereal, grains
-convenience foods, soft drinks |
|
|
Term
| High phosphorus can cause decreased absorption of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Mg deficiency |
|
Definition
| muscle twitching and weakness, convulsion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive vomiting and diarrhea, GI disorder, kidney disease, alcoholism, malnutrition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it possible too little/too much sulfur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average intake of sodium per day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of sodium deficiency |
|
Definition
| headache, muscle cramps, weakness, reduced ability to concentrate, memory and appetite loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fruits, vegetables, fresh meat and dairy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Table salt (sodium chloride), foods with sodium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RDA for iron during pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What helps aid the absorption of heme iron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Dried beans
-Vegetables
-Whole grain and enriched breads
-Cereal
-Dried fruits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| zinc RDA during pregnancy/lactation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meat, fish, poultry, fortified cereals, whole grains, nuts, dried beans |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of zinc deficiency |
|
Definition
-Impaired growth and wound healing
-Reduced appetite, taste and smell
-Depressed immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vomiting and diarrhea, fever, exhaustion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Salt fortified with iodine, seafood
sea salt is a poor source |
|
|
Term
| Average intake of iodine exceeds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iodine deficiency symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whole grains and cereals, legumes, chicken, fish, pork, and eggs |
|
|
Term
| Folate recommended intake for adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Folate recommended intake in pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| folate recommended intake during lactation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leafy green vegetables, legumes, orange juice, fortified cereal grains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only animal derived foods |
|
|
Term
| What does the absorption of B12 require? |
|
Definition
| intrinsic factor, stomach acid |
|
|
Term
| Does the average intake of B12 exceed the RDA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pernicious anemia
-nerve degeneration
-paralysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Liver, peanuts, egg yolks and a few vegetables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C RDA for smokers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fruits and vegetables (citrus fruits are excellent) |
|
|
Term
| Recommended intake for vitamin A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recommended intake for vitamin D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rickets and osteomalacia are both caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Short-term, high intensity exercise involves mostly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| low to moderate exercise uses both |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| moderate intensity, long duration exercise uses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of total energy expenditure? |
|
Definition
-Resting energy expenditure
-thermic effect of food
-physical activity |
|
|
Term
| What is resting energy expenditure? |
|
Definition
| the energy a person expends at rest, 60-75% |
|
|
Term
| What percent of the energy needs does physical activity require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of total energy does thermic effect of food require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-age
-gender
-body size
-body composition
-hormonal status |
|
|
Term
| What is the most major determinant of RMR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 2008 physical activity guidelines for adults suggest muscle strengthening how many times per week? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 2008 physical activity guidelines for adults suggest working out how many muscle groups in one set? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 2008 physical activity guidelines for adults suggest how many minutes of moderate intensity exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 2008 physical activity guidelines for adults suggest how many minutes of vigorous intensity activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How often should PA be done? |
|
Definition
| 3 days per week, at least 10 min bouts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pear shape
-less chronic disease risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-apple shaped
-indicator or morbidity |
|
|
Term
| Waist circumference is an asessment of |
|
Definition
-abdominal obesity
-disease risk |
|
|
Term
| Where is waist circumference measured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High risk waist circumference for men |
|
Definition
| greater than 102 cm (40 inches) |
|
|
Term
| High risk waist circumference for women |
|
Definition
| greater than 88cm (35 inches) |
|
|
Term
| What medical conditions are associated with obesity? |
|
Definition
-CAD
-type 2 dm
-osteoarthritis
-gallbladder
-cancers of breast, colon, prostate, endometrium
-PCOS
-sleep apnea, resp problems
-fatty liver |
|
|
Term
| What defines metabolic syndrome? |
|
Definition
-abd obesity
-high FPG
-impaired glucose tolerance
-elevated TG's
-low HDL
-HTN |
|
|
Term
| What amount of weight loss can decrease the severity of obesity associated disease risks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A 5-10% weight loss has what positive effects? |
|
Definition
-improved glycemic control
-reduced BP
-improved lipid profile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-78% eat bfast daily
-75% weigh themselves at least once a week
-62% watch less than 10 hrs of tv per week
-90% exercise 1 hour per day |
|
|
Term
| What are some modifiable factors to reduce low birth weight? |
|
Definition
-underweight prioir to pregnancy
-low pregnancy weight gain
-smoking during pregnancy
-certain maternal infections
-iron deficiency anemia early in pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin in given to manage N/V in pregnant women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are laxatives recommended to treat constipation in pregnant women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How grams of fiber should a pregnant woman consume per day to control constipation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recommended weight gain for a pregnant woman with a normal BMI (18.5-24.9)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal weight gain for a pregnant woman with an underweight BMI? (less than 18.5) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal weight gain for a pregnant woman with an overweight BMI (25-29.9)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal weight gain for a pregnant woman with an obese BMI (greater than 30)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much should calorie needs be increased during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much should calorie needs be increased during lactation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of fat is important during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What foods/minerals help to treat preeclampsia? |
|
Definition
-4 or more servings of fruits/veggies per day
-increase whole grain intake
-adequate intake of calcium, folic acid |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the birth weight in 6 mos.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to birth weight in 1 year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to a baby's length/height in the first year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All breastfed infants need a supplement of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What needs to be monitored in formula-fed babies but is usually not supplemented? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is vitamin K given at birth? |
|
Definition
| newborns lack the intestinal bacteria that synthesizes vitamin K |
|
|
Term
| Total cholesterol should be less than |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less than 7% of total energy intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of protein lowers LDL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-lower sat fat
-lower sodium
-no caffeine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CHF pts are usually on what type of restriction in addition to sodium restriction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiac cachexia is due to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| less than 1500mg/day of sodium is usually only needed for severe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much protein per day should pts with ARF expected to resolve in a few days consume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much protein should ARF pt's on HD consume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many kcals for ARF pts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What electrolytes are usually elevated in pts with ARF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ESRD causes decreased kidney clearance of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ESRD causes impaired synthesis of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: ESRD also causes fluid overload and anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many kcals for ESRD MNT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potassium for ESRD MNT depends on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potassium for HD patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phosphorus for HD patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin do patients on HD need to take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein for patients on CAPD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sodium for patients on CAPD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potassium for patients on CAPD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phosphorus for CAPD patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium for patients on CAPD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phosphorus binders should be given at every |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium/Aluminum free phosphorus binders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium containing phosphorus binders |
|
Definition
-calcium carbonate
-calcium acetate (PhosLo) |
|
|
Term
| Water for patients with renal calculi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a calcium restriction for patients with renal calculi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be moderately restricted for patients renal calculi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spinach, rhubarb, beets, nuts, chocolate, tea, wheat bran, strawberries |
|
|
Term
| Why do patients with renal calculi need to make sure that they do not exceed the vitamin C DRI? |
|
Definition
| because vitamin C increases urinary oxalate excretion |
|
|
Term
| Protein for renal calculi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potassium for renal calculi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dysphagia advanced,regular w no hard, crunchy or sticky foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-thin
-nectar-thick
-honey-thick
-spoon thick (like pudding) |
|
|
Term
| For patients with gastric surgery, liquids and meals should be consumed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should the patient do if dumping occurs? |
|
Definition
| lie down 15-30 minutes after the meal |
|
|
Term
| What delays gastric emptying? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: post gastric surgery patients should avoid simple carbs |
|
Definition
| true, they should only consume complex carbs |
|
|
Term
| Lactose intolerance is a common problem for what patients? |
|
Definition
| post-gastrectomy patients |
|
|
Term
| Post-gastrectomy patients may need what supplements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an IBD flare up, what type of diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of diet for IBD in remission? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pancreatitis
Cholecystitis (pre-op and shortly post-op)
IBD--based on tolerance
Radiation enteritis
Short Bowel Syndrome
GERD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IBD, radiation enteritis, acute diverticulitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low fat, high cholesterol/protein |
|
|
Term
| What type of feeding for pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
