Term
| Two main pathways for alcohol metabolism |
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Definition
ADH in cytosol (Stomach and liver)
MEOS in ER (liver only) |
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Term
| consequences of production of NADH in alcohol metabolism |
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Definition
lactic acidosis - increase of lactic acid in blood
leads to less urine excretion = secondary hyperuricemia = gout
Action of CAC depressed because it requires NAD to function
Hypoglycemia because pyruvate is being used to make NAD which increases lactate
accumulation of fat in liver |
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Term
| Highly induced after chronic alcohol consumption |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| seen in alcoholics, due to impaired absoprtion and liver cirrhosis which affects storage of the vitamin |
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Term
| Wernicke - korsakoff syndrome |
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Definition
due to thiamin deficiency
characterized by ataxia and mental confusion |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used in patients seriously considering stopping alcohol ingestion |
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Term
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Definition
simple adaptation to lack of food
chronic
muscle wasting
proteins are normal
mortality is low |
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Term
|
Definition
immunosuppressive
sudden onset
may appear well nourished
low protein levels
edema
poor wound healing
high mortality
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Term
| Adaptations to starvation |
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Definition
decreased energy expenditure
mobilization of energy reserves - fasting ketosis (doesnt develop into acidosis)
protein breakdown and synthesis
endocrine changes
decreased oxygen requirement - functional repsonse, not anemia |
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Term
| Treatment of starvation - "refeeding syndrome" |
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Definition
| developement of low phosphate, low K, Loew Mg which can cause confusion, cardiac arrythmia, and death |
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Term
|
Definition
(weight kg)/(ht in m)^2
or
(weight in lb)/(ht in in)^2 x 703 |
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Term
|
Definition
18.5 - 24.9 = normal
25 - 29.9 = overwight
more than 30 = obese |
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Term
|
Definition
| more than 35 for women or more than 40 for men is considered upper body obesity |
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Term
|
Definition
first gene to be associated with BMI in humans
effect is modest
highest concentration in brain
may be regulator of gene expression
essential for CNS developement
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Term
| Biochemical functions of adipokines |
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Definition
control of appetite, regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, modulation of neuroendocrine function
overproduction is associated with chronic state of inflamation in adipose tissues and systemically |
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Term
Effect of leptin
what is it affecting |
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Definition
decrease appetite
affects hypothalamus anorexigenic and orexigenic neurons |
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Term
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Definition
leptin decreases which increases appetite and decreases enegry expenditure
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Term
| Effects of leptin on skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| leptin signaling, activates AMPK, inhibits ACC, increases fatty oxidation, decreases accumulation of fat, improves insulin sensitivity |
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Term
|
Definition
whole body energy homeostasis
inhibits ATP requiring processes
stimulates catabolic processes
functions are nutrient sensor in hypothalamus
activity increases during fasting
leptin downreg in brain and upreg in body |
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Term
|
Definition
stim AMPK in liver and muscle but decreases it in brain
this will inhibit gluconeogenesis but would function to decrease appetite in the brain |
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Term
| Major changes in neuroendocrine function associated with decreased leptin |
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Definition
decreased thyroid horomone, insulin like growth factor, and reproductive hormones
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Term
| General recommendations for maintaining health |
|
Definition
maintain weight through diet and exercise
decrease fat and cholesterol consumption
increase consumption of whole grain cereals, fruits and veggies
decrease salt
consume alcohol in moderation if at all |
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Term
| #1 cause of mortality in US in men and women |
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Definition
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Term
| etiology and pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease |
|
Definition
lipid fatty lesions result from accumulation of LDL within arterial wall
smooth musc cells migrate from media to intima and secrete collagen
fissuring of lesions results in superimposition of platelet clot on the lesion and occlusion of the lumen of the blood vessel |
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Term
|
Definition
non nutrient compounds in plants
found to be carinogenic in vitro but not in vivo |
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Term
|
Definition
mycotoxins produced by fungi associated with food
carcinogenic
aflatoxin found in moldy cereals, nuts and seeds |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by frying, grilling, and charring of high protein foods |
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Term
|
Definition
| meat or fish cooked over an open flame |
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Term
|
Definition
| smoked food, salted and pickled veggies, formed in mouth and stomach |
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Term
| mechanisms of protection by a high fiber diet |
|
Definition
dilution of fecal carcinogens
binding of carcinogens
altered bile acid metabolism
decreased stool transit time
fermentation of fiber to short chain FFA |
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Term
Who needs the most calcium?
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|
Definition
adolescents 9-18
pregnant and nursing women especially if under 19 |
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Term
| factors that influence BMR |
|
Definition
lean body mass
growth
fever and disease
cold climate |
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|
Term
how many calories in:
carbs
protein
fat
alcohol |
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Definition
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Term
| Effects of soluble and non soluble fiber |
|
Definition
soluble: delay stomach emptying, lower blood cholesterol by binding to bile acids
insoluble: accelerate transit of chyme through the intestine, increase fecal weight thereby diluting fecal mutagens and preventing their contact with the intestina mucosa |
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Term
Name essential amino acids
PVT TIM HALL |
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Definition
| phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histadine, arginine, leucine, lysine |
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Term
| Conditions of positive and negative nitrogen balance |
|
Definition
positive - growth, pregnancy
negative - under stresss, inadequate dietary protein, lack of an essential amino acid |
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Term
| two essential functions of lipids |
|
Definition
act as dietary vehicle for fat soluble vitamins
supply essential fatty acids that cannot be made by the body |
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Term
| omega 3 and omega 6 essential fatty acids |
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Definition
omega 3 = linolenic acid
omega 6 = linoleic acid and arachidonic acid |
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Term
| function of essential fatty acids |
|
Definition
| serve as precursors of leukotrienes, prostoglandins, and thromboxanes |
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