Term
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Definition
• Substances composed of freely moving molecules
• Have the ability to conform to the shape of the container that holds them
• There are different types of fluids in our bodies
– Two-thirds of the body’s fluid is intracellular fluid
– The remaining one-third is extracellular fluid |
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Term
Two-thirds of the body’s fluid is _____________
The remaining one-third is ________________ |
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Definition
intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid |
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Term
| Extracellular fluids include |
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Definition
– Tissue fluid, found between the cells within tissues and organs of the body
– Plasma, the fluid portion of blood that carries the blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the fluid portion of blood that carries the blood cells |
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Term
| The body fluid composition of tissue varies by |
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Definition
– Tissue type—lean tissues have higher fluid content than fat tissues
– Gender—males have more lean tissue and therefore more body fluid
– Age—lean tissue is lost with age, and body fluid is lost with it |
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Term
| lean tissues have higher fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| males have more lean tissue and |
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Definition
| therefore more body fluid |
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Term
| lean tissue is lost with age, and |
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Definition
| body fluid is lost with it |
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Term
In intracellular fluid, K+ and HPO4 2- are
In extracellular fluid NA+ and CL- are |
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Definition
the predominant electrolytes
the predominate electrolytes
There is a slight electrical charge difference on either side of the cell membrane |
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Term
| Electrolytes are essential minerals—like |
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Definition
| sodium, calcium, and potassium—that are vital to many key functions in the body. They're often talked about in association with dehydration and mentioned in ads for sports drinks that promise to replace electrolytes lost through sweat. |
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Term
Fluids dissolve and transport substances
– Water is an excellent solvent because it can dissolve |
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Definition
many different substances
– The dissolve materials, or solutes, include ions, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals |
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Term
Fluids account for blood volume
– Blood volume is the amount of |
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Definition
fluid in the blood
– Increased blood volume can cause blood pressure to rise (hypertension)
– Decreased blood volume can cause low blood
pressure |
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Term
| Increased blood volume can cause blood pressure to rise |
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Definition
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Term
| Decreased blood volume can cause |
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Definition
low blood pressure
Hypotension |
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Term
Fluids help maintain body temperature
– Because water has a high |
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Definition
heat capacity, the temperature of our body fluids remains quite stable
Sweating releases heat as the evaporation of water from the skin cools the skin and blood |
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Term
| Fluids protect and lubricate our tissues |
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Definition
– Cerebrospinal fluid protects the brain and spinal column
– Amniotic fluid protects the fetus
– Synovial fluid is a lubricant around joints
– Digestive secretions allow for easy passage of material
– Pleural fluid covering the lungs allows friction-free expansion and retraction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Synovial fluid is a lubricant around |
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Definition
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Term
| Pleural fluid covering the lungs allows |
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Definition
| friction-free expansion and retraction |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid protects |
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Definition
| the brain and spinal column |
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Term
Electrolytes help regulate fluid balance
Water follows the movement of electrolytes, moving by |
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Definition
osmosis to areas where the concentration of
electrolytes is high
– This allows for the controlled movement of fluids into and out of cells |
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Term
| Water follows the movement of |
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Definition
electrolytes
Moving by osmosis to areas where the concentration of electrolytes is high |
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Term
| Moderate Exercise properly hydrated |
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Definition
| Same concentration of electrolytes both sides of cell membranes you will be in fluid balance |
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Term
| Strenuous exercise with rapid and high water intake |
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Definition
Water quickly during intense, prolonged exercise, the extracellular fluid becomes diluted
Lower concentration outside higher inside |
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Term
| Strenuous exercise with inadequate fluid intake |
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Definition
Higher concentration outside lower inside
Drawing water away from inside and making them shrink |
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Term
| Electrolytes enable our nerves to respond to stimuli |
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Definition
– Movement of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) across the membranes of nerve cells changes the electrical charge across the membrane
– This change in electrical charge carries the nerve impulse along the nerve cell |
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Term
| Sodium and Chloride are extra |
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Definition
cellular fluid
Extracellular sodium and chloride
during resting phase |
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Term
| Phosphorus and Potassium are intra |
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Definition
cellular fluid
Intracellular phosphorus and potassium |
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Term
| Electrolytes signal our muscles to |
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Definition
contract
– The movement of calcium into a muscle cell
stimulates the muscle to contract
– The is pumped back out of the cell after the
muscle contraction |
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Term
Water lost from the body must be replaced
Water is lost through |
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Definition
urine, sweat, evaporation, exhalation,
and feces |
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Term
| The thirst mechanism occurs from |
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Definition
a cluster of nerve cells (in the hypothalamus) that stimulate our desire to drink
However, the thirst mechanism is not always sufficient; the amount of fluids people drink may not be enough to achieve fluid balance |
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Term
Water is gained through beverages, food, and metabolic
reactions
– Metabolic water contributes about |
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Definition
| 10–14% of the water the body needs |
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Term
| Sensible water loss occurs through |
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Definition
urine and sweat
Most water is lost through urine |
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Term
| Most water is lost through |
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Definition
urine
The kidneys control how much water is reabsorbed;
excess water is processed by the kidneys and
excreted as urine |
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Term
| Insensible water loss occurs through |
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Definition
| evaporation from the skin or exhalation from the lungs, as well as through feces |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Fluid for a woman 2500 kcal/day
9.3 cups beverages
2.1 cups food
1.3 cups metabolic water |
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Definition
12.7 cups
3000 ml
Losses
3000 ml
12.7 cups |
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Term
| “Hard water” is relatively high |
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Definition
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Term
| The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets and monitors standards for |
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Definition
| public water systems and is responsible for regulation of bottled water |
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Term
| What if you drink too much water? |
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Definition
– Becoming overhydrated is rare
– Can result in a dilution of sodium (hyponatremia) |
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Term
| What if you don’t drink enough water? |
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Definition
– Dehydration
– Infants and the elderly are especially vulnerable |
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Term
| Low-fat and skim milk provide |
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Definition
| protein, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and, usually, vitamin A |
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Term
| Moderate consumption of beverages with caffeine |
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Definition
| is safe and potentially healthful |
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Term
| “Designer waters” with added nutrients and/or herbs can add more than |
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Definition
300 Calories to the day’s intake and rarely
contribute to better health |
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Term
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Definition
– Fluid and electrolyte balance
– Associated with blood pressure and pH balance in the body
– Required for nerve impulse transmission
– Assists in the transport of certain nutrients (e.g., glucose) into body cells |
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Term
| What if you consume too much sodium? |
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Definition
‒ Hypernatremia: abnormally high blood sodium
concentration
‒ Can occur in patients with congestive heart failure or kidney disease
‒ Results in high blood volume, edema, and high blood pressure |
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Term
| What if you don’t consume enough sodium? |
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Definition
‒ Hyponatremia: an abnormally low blood sodium level
‒ Can result from prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, or sweating
‒ Has been seen in marathon athletes who consume too much water and fail to replace sodium |
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Term
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Definition
‒ Fluid and electrolyte balance
‒ Very important in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses
‒ High potassium intake helps to maintain a lower blood pressure |
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Term
| High potassium intake helps to |
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Definition
maintain a lower blood pressure
Bring BP down |
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Term
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Definition
‒ Processed foods are usually low in potassium
‒ Fresh fruit and vegetables and whole grains are good sources of potassium
Whole baked potato
Yogurt nonfat
Tomato juice
Halibut cooked
OJ Concentrate
Banana raw
Cantaloupe raw
Spinach raw |
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Term
| A high blood potassium level |
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Definition
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Term
| What if you consume too much potassium? |
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Definition
‒ Hyperkalemia: a high blood potassium level
‒ Can occur in patients with kidney disease
‒ Can alter normal heart rhythm, resulting in a heart attack |
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Term
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Definition
Potassium
Kalemia for example
Hyper
Hypo |
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Term
| What if you don’t consume enough potassium? |
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Definition
‒ Hypokalemia: a low blood potassium level
‒ Can be seen in patients with kidney disease or diabetic acidosis
‒ Can occur when taking certain diuretic medications |
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Term
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Definition
‒ Assists with maintaining fluid balance
‒ Assists the immune system
‒ Component of HCl in the stomach
• Recommended intake
‒ Minimum recommendation is 2.3 g/day |
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Term
| What if you consume too much chloride? |
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Definition
| ‒ May lead to hypertension in salt-sensitive patients |
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Term
| What if you don’t consume enough chloride? |
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Definition
| ‒ This is rare but can occur in people with eating disorders |
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Term
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Definition
‒ The major intracellular negatively charged electrolyte
‒ Required for fluid balance
‒ Critical role in bone formation (85% of body’s
phosphorus is found in bone)
‒ Regulates biochemical pathways by activating or deactivating enzymes
‒ Found in ATP, DNA, RNA |
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Term
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Definition
‒ Widespread in many foods
‒ Found in high amounts in foods that contain protein
(e.g., meat, milk, eggs)
Cheese, cheddar
Yogurt, nonfat plain
Lentils, cooked
Black beans, cooked |
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Term
| What if you consume too much phosphorus? |
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Definition
‒ High blood levels of phosphorus can occur with kidney
disease or when taking too many vitamin D
supplements
‒ Causes muscle spasms, convulsions |
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Term
Serious health problems that can occur when fluid
excretion exceeds fluid intake include |
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Definition
‒ Dehydration occurs when fluid excretion exceeds fluid intake
‒ Heat illnesses
Heat cramps
Heat exhaustion
Heat stroke |
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Term
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Definition
Slight dehydration
tend to go away |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Dry skin
Cool down immediately
Heart pounding |
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Term
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Definition
water loss exceeds water intake
• Commonly due to heavy exercise or high environmental temperatures
• Infants and the elderly are more at risk |
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Term
| Other common causes of dehydration include |
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Definition
‒ Diarrhea
‒ Vomiting
‒ Fever
‒ Burns, including sunburn
‒ Poorly controlled diabetes
‒ Abuse of diuretics or laxatives |
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Term
| Dehydration is classified in terms of percentage of weight |
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Definition
| loss that is exclusively due to the loss of fluids |
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Term
| Lighter urine color generally indicates |
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Definition
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Term
| Darker auburn brownish urine color generally indicates |
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Definition
| Minor to Severe dehydration |
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Term
| Three common types of heat illnesses closely linked to dehydration are |
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Definition
‒ Heat cramps
‒ Heat exhaustion
‒ Heatstroke |
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Term
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Definition
• Painful muscle cramps, usually in the abdomen, arms, or legs
• Develop during vigorous activity sessions in the heat
• Spasms can last seconds or minutes
• Important to stop activity immediately, cool down, and rest; cramps may signal a more serious problem |
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Term
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Definition
• Typically occurs from vigorous activity in heat
• May develop after several days in high heat when fluids are inadequate
• Symptoms include cramps, weakness, vomiting, dizziness, and elevated blood pressure and pulse
• Must be treated promptly and aggressively to prevent heatstroke from developing |
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Term
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Definition
if the body’s temperature regulation
mechanisms fail
• Occurs in hot, humid environments
• Symptoms include rapid pulse, hot and dry skin, high body temperature, and weakness
• Has been fatal for athletes during exercise in extreme heat
• If it occurs, provide immediate cooling and rest, and contact emergency medical help quickly |
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Term
| Alcohols are chemical compounds characterized by |
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Definition
a hydroxyl group
• In common usage, beverages containing ethanol made from fermented fruits, vegetables, or grains |
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Term
| What is moderate alcohol intake? |
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Definition
‒ A drink is defined as the amount of a beverage that provides fluid ounce of pure alcohol
‒ Proof is a measurement of alcohol content
‒ Moderate alcohol intake is defined as the consumption of up to one drink per day for women, and up to two drinks per day for men |
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Term
| Moderate alcohol intake is defined as |
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Definition
| the consumption of up to one drink per day for women, and up to two drinks per day for men |
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Term
| Benefits of moderate alcohol consumption include |
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Definition
‒ Stress and anxiety reduction
‒ Appetite improvement
‒ Lower rates of heart disease
‒ Possible lower risks for diseases such as diabetes,
heart disease, and liver disease |
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Term
| Concerns about moderate alcohol intake include |
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Definition
‒ Women appear to be at higher risk of breast cancer
‒ Increased risk of hypertension
‒ Higher rates of bleeding in the brain
‒ Relatively high Calorie content
‒ Potential risk of adverse drug interactions |
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Term
| Muscles don’t metabolize alcohol; |
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Definition
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Term
| Very little alcohol is lost in sweat; |
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Definition
| the alcohol will remain in your bloodstream. |
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Term
| Alcohol use disorder (AUD) |
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Definition
| ‒ Medical diagnosis for problem drinking that has become severe and is characterized by either abuse or dependence |
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Term
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Definition
‒ Alcohol abuse is excessive intake of alcohol
‒ Binge drinking is consumption of five or more drinks per occasion
‒ Alcoholism is a disease characterized by chronic dependence on alcohol |
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Term
| Effects of alcohol abuse: |
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Definition
‒ A hangover is a consequence of drinking too much alcohol; symptoms include headache, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, and nausea
‒ Even at low intakes, alcohol impairs reasoning and judgment
‒ Alcohol poisoning is a potentially fatal metabolic state involving cardiac or respiratory failure
‒ Alcohol abuse can lead to traumatic injury from falls, drownings, assaults, and traffic accidents |
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Term
| When the rate of alcohol intake exceeds the ability of the liver to break alcohol down, liver cells are |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is an early but reversible sign of liver damage |
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Term
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Definition
| results in loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, and jaundice |
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Term
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Definition
| involves permanent scarring after years of alcohol abuse |
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Term
| ‒ Chronically high intake increases risk of alcohol include |
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Definition
Impaired bone health
Pancreatic injury and diabetes
Cancer
Abdominal obesity
Malnutrition |
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Term
| Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| a set of serious, irreversible birth defects, including physical, emotional, behavioral, and developmental problems |
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Term
| Fetal alcohol effects (FAE) |
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Definition
| subtler consequences that may be exhibited later, including hyperactivity, attention deficit disorder, and impaired learning abilities |
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