Term
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Definition
vitamins:
* organic in chemist's sense
water soluble: distributed into water-filled compartments of body + fluid in spinal cord.
* B vitamins (thiamin,riboflavin, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, b6, b12, folate)
*vitamin C
Fat soluble:stored in liver and body fat
*A
*E
*K
*D
Amount needed: very small |
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Term
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Definition
Promote and regulate body processes
Many act like coenzymes
Coenzymes: a small organic molecule that assist an enzyme in its function
enzymes: proteins that act as catalysts to help boost chemical reactions in the body. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
*major (>5mg)
* trace minerals(<5mg)
amount needed: mg or mcg
functions -cofactors for enzymes
- body structures (bone)
-electrolyte carrying electrical charge
for neverous system,muscule contraction, blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which a nutrient can be extracted from food and used by the body. |
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Definition
Body need (to some extent): During pregnancy,calcium absorption improves and calcium excretion is reduced so the recommended intake does not go up.
Food source: the hemeiron in meat is more absorbed than the iron in the plan.
Cooking method: cooking vegetables in lots of water cause some water soluble vitamin be lost- but not all of them. |
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Term
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Definition
The vitamins and minerals we are covering are essential.
-Human body can't make or can't make enough of needed in the diet.
Deficiency symptom: occurs when intake is inadequate. |
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Term
| TWO GROUPS OF ACCOUNT RECEIVABLES |
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Definition
The major Minerals:
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium
Sulfur
The trace Minerals
Iodine
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Flouride
Selenium
Chromium
Molybdenum
Manganese |
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Term
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Definition
Oxygen-containing molecules (often called free radicals) tend to damage other body molecules by stealing electrons from them
Source:
* Normal body processes(energy metaboslism)
*pollutant
*toxins in cigarette smoke |
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Term
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Definition
- cancer
- oxidized LDL cholesterol in atherosclerosis (qua trinh ma fat, mineral build up inside artery -dong mach chinh') |
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Term
| HOW ANTIOXIDANT FIGHTS AGAINST OXIDATIVE DAMAGE |
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Definition
The body has numerous antioxidant systems to keep these in proper balance:
-some vitamins are antioxidants
-some minerals act as cofactors for antioxidant enzyme sysmtems. |
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Term
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Definition
Vitamins : C & E & Beta Carotene (used to make vitamin A)
Mineral: Selenium & Zinc & Copper |
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Term
| VITAMIN C- WATER SOLUBLE ANTIOXIDANT |
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Definition
Additional functions
- connective tissue synthesis (skin and bone health)
-enhances iron absorption
-immune function (preventing cold) |
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Term
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Definition
- natural: citrus, peppers, berries
-fortified foods: added to many beverages |
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Term
VITAMIN C
DEFICIENCY & TOXICITY |
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Definition
-Abdominal discomfort
-Constant use of oral tablets erodes tooth enamel |
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Term
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Definition
- provides antioxidant protection for cell membranes
free radical formation and damage
-occasionally, oxygen gains an extra electron from the electron transport chain, thereby generating a free radical
-to regain its stability, the free radical attacks a nearby molecule (such as lipid or protein) and steal an electron.
-left with an unpaired electron, this molecule becomes a free radical itself and attacks another nearby molecule. the chain reaction continues,causing widespread damage.
ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION
-antioxidants, such as vitamin E neturalize free radicals by donating one of their own electrons
-the destructive chain reaction is stopped, but vitamin E is no longer active
- like vitamin E, vitamin C acts as an antioxidant, it also restores vitamin E to its active form. An abundance of dietary antioxidants minimizes free-radical damages. |
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Term
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Definition
Source:
-Plants, oil, nut seeds
- wide spread in diet
-destroy by heat and light so useless |
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Term
| VITAMIN E-TOXICITY AND DEFICIENCY |
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Definition
Deficiency: rare
Symptom: Anemia(a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy
red blood cells.)
Population at risk: premature infants
Toxicity
Symptoms- very high doses interfere with some drugs
Population at risks- supplement users |
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Term
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Definition
Function
- A cofactor for an antioxidant enzyme that works with vitamin E
Deficiency-
Keshan Disease (china) related to a virus |
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Term
| SELENIUM BENEFITS AND SOURCE |
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Definition
- Research is not conclusive but cancer rates are higher where soil SE is low
-Source: sea foods & meat & whole grain |
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Term
| should we take antioxidant supplements |
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Definition
- research: high consumption of food and vegetable & lower of risk cancer and heart disease
-morality rate was higher for supplemented group
-foods is a better choice than supplements |
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Term
| NUTRIENTS IMPORTANT FOR GROWTH/DEVELOPMENT AND IMMUNITY |
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Definition
Vitamin A
Zinc
Iodine
D (bone health)
-and many other nutrients play roles here too |
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Term
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Definition
-Preformed: retinol family
-precursor: caroteners (many are also antioxidant) |
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Term
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Definition
-RETINOL:
-vision in dim light
-epithelial (bie^?u mo^) cell health
-immunity
Carotenes
-antioxidants
-can be used to make retinol |
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Term
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Definition
liver
milk
margarine (bo)
catorinoids: yellow,orange, deep green veggies |
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Term
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Definition
The BAE unit is used to equate the different forms of the vitamin in food
1 mcg RAE (retinol activity equivalent)
= 1mcg retinol
2mcg supplemental beta carotene
12 mcg beta carotene from foods
24 mcg other carotenes |
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Term
| VITAMIN: DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY |
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Definition
DEFICIENCY
-Symptoms: decrease cell devision + deficient development
Night bindness
Xerophthalma (a medical condition in which the eye fails to produce tears)
Revatinization
-eyes cannot make lubricant to har or clear out dust from duct->blindness exhaustion death
Revatinization
-rough, scaly skin.
Toxicity
-symptom: death, liver failure to fracture bone abonomarlities
hernorrhages: hair losses, skin rash. |
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Term
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Definition
Function:
- cofactor for many enzymes
- sense of taste
-growth & development
food sources:
-meat, poultry, & fish & legiume
Deficiency : growth failure & taste perception dull
Toxicity: to much lower HDLC
UL is 40mg/day
RDA is 8-11mg
Between RDA and UL is rather small |
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Term
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Definition
Function: thyroid hormones
*metabolic rate
*temperature
*growth and development
Food sources:
-sea foods
-dairy products
-bleached flour
-plants grown in iodine-rich soil
-iodized salt(added) |
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Term
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Definition
DEF: -goiter: enlarged thyroid gland
-cretinism: mental + physical retardation from development
tox: enlarged thyroid |
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Term
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Definition
-Folate
- B12
-B6
-vitamin K
- Iron
-Copper- won't cover |
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Term
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Definition
Function:new cell synthesis (including red blood cells)
Sources: dark green leafy vegetables, legumes, added to enriched grain
Bioavailability: synthetic form is more bioavailable in easier for body to digest
DEE (dietary date equivalent unit equates form |
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Term
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Definition
def: symptom: anemia
high blood homocysteine--> heart disease
birth defects- spina bifida two halves of the slender bones that should complete the casement of the spinal cord fail to join
population at risk: scotch-irish |
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Term
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Definition
symptom: can mask a vitamin B-12 deficiency
def increase the risk of developing cancer but worse after already have cancer because the cells divide faster
population at risk: high dose supplement user |
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Term
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Definition
function: partner with folate in new cell synthesis
nerve cell health
Source: foods from animals
very tiny amount needed: (two years for a healthy person to develop a deficiency)
Absorption mechanism: intrinsic factor (made in the stomach) is needed in the absorption for your diet. |
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Term
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Definition
DEF: anemia
at risk: vegans & individual lack of intrinsic factor to absorb b-12
tox: no UL |
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Term
| B6- FUNCTION, SOURCE, DEF AND TOX |
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Definition
function:
-new cell synthesis
-protein metabolism
source: (plant form might be less bioavailable)
-meat
-vegetable
-whole grains |
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Term
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Definition
DEF: symptom: a new nervous system disorder skin + mouth abnormalities (rashes)
high risk group: alcoholics, individual taking the drug TNH for tuberculosis
tox: symptom: nerve damage
population at risk: high dose supplementation |
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Term
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Definition
-blood clotting
-synthesis of the bone protein |
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Term
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Definition
source: -intestinal bacteria
-found in many foods (milk is low though)
def: symptom: bleeding
population at risk: new born in the US-new born receive a vitamin K injection
Tox: appear to non toxic. some clogging require a constant drug intake |
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Term
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Definition
function: help to transport oxygen (hemegolon) required some enzymes
food source: meat-heme iron-is more easily to absorb.
plant source-less well absorbed: legumes, dried fruits, tofu, added in many cereals.
-vitamin c and meat protein improve absorption |
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Term
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Definition
-women need much more than men due to menstrual losses
-deficiency: anemia
-tox
liver tissue damage
pro-oxidant
ingestion iron supplement is the major cause of poison in children |
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Term
| MINERALS RELATED TO BONE HEALTH |
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Definition
Vitamin D
Vitamin K(covered with blood)
Calcium
Magnesium (covered with blood pressure)
Flouride |
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Term
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Definition
function: bone health: regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism
-vital to calcium absorption
-regulate cell metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
-sources:
skin synthesis : needs vary with sun exposure
foods: added to milk, oily fish, egg yorks.
activation: liver,kidney |
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Term
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Definition
DEF: symptom: rickets & Osteomalacia (is the softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization. )
Population at risk:- low sun exposure
-low diet intake
tox: symptom: excess calcium deposition
population at risk: -supplement
-extreme high dairy consumption
-skin synthesis is regulated so we don't overdose this way |
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Term
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Definition
function:Bone and teeth
-nerve conduction and muscle contraction
-regulate many cell processes |
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Term
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Definition
DEF: symptom: bone loss
population at risk: women petitte
fair skin (genetic link to vitamin preceptor)
Prevention:
+ calcium + vitamin D
+ physical acvity
+avoid excess protein caffein phosphorous
toxicity: symptom: interferes with absorption of other minerals (iron)
supplement users are at risk |
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Term
| PHOSPHOROUS- FUNCTION AND SOURCE |
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Definition
Function:
-bone and teeth
-energy metabolism (part of ATP)
-part of DNA/acid-based balance
Source:
high, protein foods(meat and beans) |
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Term
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Definition
Def: recommended intake should be a bit less than calcium
-deficiency is very rare
-toxicity: too much interferes with calcium absorption
-populations at risk: those eating with high animal protein diets. |
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Term
| FLOURIDE- FUNCTIONS AND SOURCE |
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Definition
Function: Bone and tooth structure
Source:
-water
-dental rinses
-tea
-sea foods |
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Term
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Definition
DEF: symptom: weak tooth enamel-cavities
-Individual at risk: in adequate intake
toxicity: fluorosis
-brown spots on teeth
-weak teeth and bones |
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Term
| NUTRIENTS THAT PLAY A ROLE IN ENERGY METABOLISM |
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Definition
| -Thiamin (b1) -riboflavin (b2)-niacin (to reduce fat & cholestrol in your blood) -biotin (vitamin B7) -pantothenic acid (b5) |
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Term
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Definition
function: cofactor for enzymes in energy metabolism
food source:
-whole and enrich grain
-meats
-legumes |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency:
-beri-beri
symptom: muscle wasting and paralysys, edema
-at risk: diet mainly unenriched white rice, alcoholics
-toxicity: no UL defined |
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Term
| RIBOFLAVIN-FUNCTION AND SOURCE |
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Definition
function: cofactorfor enzymes in energy metabolism
source: grain and dairy |
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Term
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Definition
Symptom: skin and mouth problems
at risk: alcoholics
Toxicity: no UL defined |
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Term
| NIACIN- FUNCTIONS AND SOURCE |
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Definition
Function: cofactor for enzymes in energy metabolism
source:
high protein foods
can be made from amino acid tryptophan. |
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Term
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Definition
def: 4D: dermattis (inflammation of the skin, diarrhea, dementia (loss of brain function), death
At risk: alcoholics
Toxicity: symptom: headache & hot flashes
-at risk: high supplement doses |
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Term
| BIOTIN AND PANTOTHENIC ACID-FUNCTION, SOURCE,DEF AND TOX |
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Definition
-function: cofactor for enzymes in energy metabolism
-source: wide spread in foods
-deficiency: very rare
-toxicity: no UL determined |
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Term
| NUTRIENTS RELATED TO BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION |
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Definition
Sodium
Potassium
Magnessium
Calcium |
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Term
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Definition
function: electrolyte
-nerve and muscle function
-blood pressure regulation
source of sodium: processed foods |
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Term
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Definition
DEF: hyponatremia
symptom: confusion, weakness
individual at risk- long duration exercise
Toxicity: chronically high intake increases the risk of high blood pressure (hypertension) |
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Term
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Definition
function: electrolyte
-nerve and muscle function
-blood pressure regulation
food source-fresh,whole foods milk |
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Term
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Definition
Def:
-muscle cramping
-increase risk of hypertension
toxicity:
-no UL
-unlikely as long as kidney is healthy |
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Term
| MAGNESIUM-FUNCTION AND SOURCE |
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Definition
function: electrolyte
-bone structure
-nerve and muscle function
adequate intake helps to prevent hyperintension |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-DEF: rare
toxicity:
-avoid taking more than 350mg/day (UL does not apply to food) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| NUTRIENT CONSEQUENCES OF DASH |
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Definition
increase potassium & calcium & magnecium
-may be combined with reduced sodium for increased effect |
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Term
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Definition
Chloride
Sulfur
Copper
Chromium
Selenium
Manganese
Molybdenum |
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Term
| MINERAL OF UNCERTAIN STATUS |
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Definition
Boron
Nickel
Silicon
Tin
Vanadium
Cobalt(part of vitamin b-12)
others |
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Term
| PHYTOCHEMICALS-definition |
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Definition
| compounds from plants which are not essential nutrients, but appear to impact health |
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Term
| CAROTENOIDS- SOURCES AND POSSIBLE EFFECTS |
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Definition
-many are antioxidant (beta carotene which can also be used to make vitamin A)
-lutein and zeaxathin may protect again age-related eye disorders (epecially macular degenerator)
lycopene may protect against prostate |
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Term
| FLAVOINONIDS AND OTHER PHENOIS- SOURCES AND POSSIBLE EFFECTS |
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Definition
-sources: bright colored fruits and vegetables, tea, chocolate
-possible effects: may acts as antioxidants derease inflamation,reduce plague build up in arteries inhibit cancer development. |
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Term
| IDOLES AND ISOTHIOCYANATES-SOURCES AND POSSIBLE EFFECTS |
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Definition
-sourceS: cruciferous vegetable, broccoli,kae, cauliflower, cabbage,turnip, brusseis sprouts.
-possible effects: may help against cancer |
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Term
| ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS- SOURCES AND EFFECTS |
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Definition
-source: onion, garlic,chieves,leeks
-effects: may protect against heart disease and cancer |
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Term
| PHYTOESTROGENS- SOURCES AND POSSIBLE EFFECTS |
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Definition
source: soy and other legumes
possible effects: may help lower cholesterol block the action of estrogen (sudden strong feelings of heat and sweat) and reduce the risk of estrogen stimulated breast cancer |
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Term
| TANNINS- SOURCES AND POSSIBLE EFFEECTS |
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Definition
-source: grape,wine,tea
-possible effect: antioxidant may help prevent cancer and heart disease
-higher tea intake= risk of anemia |
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