Term
| body weight is the result of... |
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Definition
–Genes
–Metabolism
–Behavior
–Environment
–Culture
–Socioeconomic status
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Term
| physical components of weight |
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Definition
–Occupational work
–Household chores
–Leisure time activity |
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Term
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Definition
–An indicator of body weight status based on a person’s height
–Calculated as kilograms per meter squared
–Estimate of body fat content |
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Term
| Obese people are at higher risk of: |
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Definition
 Elevated cholesterol  Low HDL-cholesterol Stroke  Osteoarthritis Sleep apnea  Shorter life expectancy Hypertension  Type 2 diabetes Coronary heart disease ++Gallbladder disease Certain cancers |
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Term
| benefits of 5-10% weight loss |
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Definition
–Lowers blood insulin, triglycerides, glucose, and C-reactive protein
–Increases insulin sensitivity and HDL cholesterol
–Reduces risk of heart disease and diabetes
–Decreased severity of sleep apnea
–Reduced symptoms of degenerative joint disease
–Improved gynecological conditions |
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Term
| waist circumference indicating obesity |
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Definition
 High risk: Men >102 cm (40 in.) Women >88 cm (35 in.) |
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Term
| Strategies for weight loss |
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Definition
 Dietary therapy Physical activity Behavior therapy “Combined” therapy Pharmacotherapy Weight loss surgery |
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Term
| Pharmacotherapy (when used) |
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Definition
Drugs approved for long-term use by the FDA may be used as part of a comprehensive weight loss program including diet and physical activity.
•For patients with a BMI of 30 or above with no concomitant risk factors or diseases
For patients with a BMI of 27 or above for those with concomitant risk factors or diseases
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Term
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Definition
Option for limited number of patients with clinically severe obesity.
•BMI >40 or >35 with co-morbid conditions
•Reserved for patients in whom medical therapy has failed
•Gastric restriction or gastric bypass |
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Term
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Definition
 Gastric bypass surgery is the most effective method for weight loss and maintenance–Results in loss of 50-60% excess weight
–Resolution of weight-related health problems |
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Term
| Behavioral Strategies for losing weight |
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Definition
–Eat a diet low in total fat
–Frequent self-monitoring of body weight and food intake
–High levels of regular physical activity |
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Term
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Definition
–Eat a diet low in total fat
–Frequent self-monitoring of body weight and food intake
–High levels of regular physical activity |
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Term
| Gender differences in heart disease |
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Definition
 Risk for heart disease in women increases substantially after menopause Menopause brings declines of estrogen and HDL and increases in LDLWomen have higher HDL and total blood cholesterol than men |
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Term
| Atherosclerosis or Coronary Heart Disease |
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Definition
 A slow, complex disease that begins in childhood and progresses with age Theorized to begin with an injury to the endothelium (inner most layer of the artery) The most common form of cardiovascular disease Characterized by the accumulation of plaques along the inner walls of the coronary arteries Plaques may grow large enough to significantly reduce the blood flow through an artery |
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Term
| Cholesterol and Heart Disease |
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Definition
 Generally, the higher the blood cholesterol level, the more plaque builds up Diets high in saturated fat and cholesterol raise blood cholesterol Trans fat raises cholesterol levels more than saturated fat |
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Term
| Modifiable risk factors for heart disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| elevated blood cholesterol |
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Definition
 Clinically defined as > 240 mg/dl All individuals should be screened Requires diet and/or drug therapy for elevated levels |
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Term
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Definition
 < 200 mg/dl Desirable 200-239 mg/dl Borderline high > 240 mg/dl High |
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Term
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Definition
–< 100 mg/dl Optimal
–100 – 129 Near to above optimal
– 130 – 159 mg/dl Borderline high
– 160 -189 mg/dl High
–> 190 mg/dl Very high |
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Term
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Definition
Transports 25-35% blood cholesterol
 Associated with reduced risk for heart disease Plays a role in transporting cholesterol away from arterial walls
– < 40 mg/dl Low
– > 60 mg/dl High (desirable)
 HDL above 60 considered a “negative” risk factor, actually statistically removing one risk factor total risk factor profile |
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Term
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Definition
Transports 25-35% blood cholesterol
Associated with reduced risk for heart disease
Plays a role in transporting cholesterol away from arterial walls
– < 40 mg/dl Low
– > 60 mg/dl High (desirable)
HDL above 60 considered a “negative” risk factor, actually statistically removing one risk factor total risk factor profile |
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Term
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Definition
 Defined as blood pressure exceeding 140/90 mm Hg for an extended time Increases the heart’s workload |
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Term
| obesity as a heart disease risk factor |
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Definition
 Independent risk factor for heart disease Risk significantly associated with:–weight gain during young adult life
–intra-abdominal fat or waist circumference
 Also increases risk for:–hypertension or high blood pressure
–elevated cholesterol or LDL levels
–elevated triglyceride levels
–diabetesstroke |
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Term
| Physical activity lowers the risk of... |
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Definition
–Lower blood pressure
–Lower heart rate
–Increase HDL-cholesterol
–Promote healthier body weight
–Improve insulin sensitivity |
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Term
| elevated triglycerides associated with: |
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Definition
–low HDL cholesterol levels |
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Term
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Definition
 Heart healthy diet and food choices–fruit and vegetable consumption
–dietary fiber
–fish consumption
–soy protein
 Moderate alcohol intake (?) Stress management and positive coping skills |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is a dietary supplement? |
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Definition
 As defined by Congress in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, which became law in 1994:–Intended to supplement the diet not substitute for healthy foods
–Contains one or more dietary ingredients or their constituents
 Vitamins Minerals Herbs or other botanicals Amino acids Other dietary substances such as enzymes –Is intended to be taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, liquid, or powder; and
–Is labeled on the front panel as being a dietary supplement. |
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Term
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Definition
Amount of a nutrient consumed that is available for absorption and use by the body |
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Term
| FDA regulation of dietary supplements |
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Definition
FDA does not currently require:
 Testing for:–safety
–effectiveness
–interaction
 Approval before supplement is produced and sold |
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Term
| manufacturer of dietary supplement is expected to ensure |
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Definition
–safety of ingredients
–label information is accurate
–declared contents matches container contents |
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Term
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Definition
| weight-loss supplement, december 2003 |
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Term
| Who should take multi-vitamin mineral supplements? |
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Definition
 Pregnant and lactating women- increased need for some nutrients, of note iron & folate
 Women with heavy menstrual bleeding–iron (vitamin C)
 Women of childbearing age/premenopausal women –folate, iron, calcium
 Smokers–B vitamins, vitamin C
 Individuals who abuse alcohol–multivitamin-mineral supplement (Vitamin B1, folate, B6, C)
 Individuals with restricted or limited diets–multivitamin-mineral supplement
 Vegetarians–calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin B2 and B12, vitamin D Individuals with limited milk intake and/or sun exposure
–calcium, vitamin D
 Older adults (> 70 years of age)–calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B6 and B12, zinc
 Individuals with a health condition that affects nutrient utilization or absorption Individuals with compromised immune function Some infants–Vitamin D (breastfed infants), fluoride, iron
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
 Functional foods are modified to enhance contribution to health Formulated to improve health, or with high amounts of compounds to prevent disease No statutory definition of “functional foods” No specific regulations that apply--Types: –Whole foods
–Enriched foods
–Fortified foods
–Enhanced foods
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Term
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Definition
 non-digestible carbohydrates broken down by colon bacteria–Breakdown products foster good bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
 live, beneficial bacteria found in fermented foods |
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Term
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Definition
 Strong symbolic, emotional, and cultural meanings of food dictate food preferences We choose foods that give us pleasure Foods relieve our hunger pains, delight our taste buds, or provide comfort and a sense of security |
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Term
| Benefits to moderate alcohol consumption |
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Definition
–Men: 2 drinks/day, women:1 drink /day
–Reduces risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, stroke, dementia
–Increases HDL cholesterol
–Improves glucose utilization
–Decreases chronic inflammation
–Improves cognitive function |
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Term
| Negative effects of high alcohol consumption |
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Definition
 As calories from alcohol increase, quality of the diet decreases Heavy drinkers receive too little thiamin, vitamins A and C, calcium, and iron |
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Term
| Gender effects of alcohol |
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Definition
 Blood alcohol levels increase faster in women than in men Women experience intoxicating effects of alcohol on lower amounts of alcohol than men require |
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Term
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Definition
 Defined as consuming 5 or more drinks in a row for men; 4 or more drinks in a row for women |
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Term
| Highest available calories available per capita |
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Definition
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Term
| Sources of Nutritional Information |
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Definition
 Reliable sources use the standards of proof required by science These are based on multiple studies and arrived at by “scientific consensus” Majority opinion of knowledgeable scientists Nutrition recommendations are based on this consensus of scientific opinion |
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Term
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Definition
 At initiationsomething alters DNA in certain cells |
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Term
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Definition
 During promotion phase, cancer cells with altered DNA divide, producing large numbers of abnormal cells–This phase takes place over 10 to 30 years |
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Term
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Definition
 Unless corrected by some means, abnormal cells continue to divide, leading to progressionphase of cancer development |
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Term
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Definition
 Body loses control over abnormal cells, numbers increase rapidly Eventually cells become so numerous they erode normal functions of the body in the sites of growth Abnormal cells can migrate to other tissues and cause DNA damage and abnormal cell development |
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Term
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Definition
 80-90% of cancers are initiated by environmental factors that alter DNA Diet is a major environmental factor and may account for 40% of cancer risk Most factors are modifiable |
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Term
| Lifestyle Risks of Cancers |
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Definition
 Cancer-promoting diets are low in vegetables and fruits High saturated fat, regular intake of charred and nitrate-cured meats, and excessive alcohol are associated with cancer Low intakes of whole grains, dried beans, nuts, and seeds increase cancer risk Other risk factors include smoking, physical inactivity, and excess body fat |
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Term
| Foods that help to prevent cancer |
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Definition
 Consumption of tomato products related to decreased risk of prostate cancer Green tea contributes to breast cancer reduction Diets and lifestyles that prevent cancer are represented by characteristics, not hard rules about specific foods, dietary restrictions, or types of physical activities |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
 Whole grains have vitamins, minerals, fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, and phytochemicals that work in cancer prevention Effect on cancer risk is related to the combined action of these substances Isolation of a single substance destroys its ability to function in cancer prevention Americans are advised to include three or more whole grain products in their daily diet |
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Term
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Definition
 Cancer of stomach and liver related to regular consumption of hot dogs, lunch meats, bacon, pickled eggs, and vegetables preserved with nitrates |
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Term
| Grilled and Charred Meats |
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Definition
 Substances in beef, chicken, fish, and other meats become cancer promoting if heated to high temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
–A food plan consisting only of plant foods |
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Term
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Definition
–A food plan consisting of plant foods plus dairy products |
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Term
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Definition
–A food plant consisting of plant foods plus dairy products and eggs |
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Term
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Definition
–exclude beef, pork, and poultry, include fish, eggs, dairy products, and plant foods |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Benefits of Vegetarianism |
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Definition
 Lower intake saturated fat and cholesterol Higher intake dietary fiber, magnesium, potassium, folate, antioxidants, and phytochemicals Lower Body Mass Index (BMI) Lower blood cholesterol and LDL levels Lower blood pressure Lower risk of obesity, heart disease, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, |
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Term
| Nutritions of Vegetarians |
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Definition
 Protein Iron Zinc Calcium Vitamin D Riboflavin (B2) Vitamin B12 Vitamin A/beta carotene Omega-3 fatty acids Iodine |
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Term
| Complementary Protein Foods |
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Definition
 Vegetarians can meet needs for essential amino acids by combining plant foods to yield complete proteins Complementary protein sources–Plant sources of protein that together provide sufficient quantities of the nine essential amino acids |
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Term
| Key Components of the Mediterranean Diet |
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Definition
 Eating a generous amount of fruits and vegetables  Consuming healthy fats such as olive oil and canola oil  Eating small portions of nuts  Drinking red wine, in moderation, for some  Consuming very little red meat  Eating fish on a regular basis |
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