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Definition
| The science of how living organisms obtain and use food to support processes required for life |
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A substance in foods used by the body to serve one or more of the following purposes:
- Provide a source of energy
- Provide structure
- Regulate Chemical Reactions |
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| A substance found in animal foods and thought to benefit human health (above and beyond the provision of essential nutrients and energy) |
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| Plant and animal foods that have been grown, harvested, and processed without conventional pesticides, fertilizers, growth promoters, bioengineering, or ionizing radiation. |
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| A substance found in plants and thought to benefit human health (above and beyond the provision of essential nutrients and energy.) |
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| A food that contains an essential nutrient, phytochemical, or zoonutrient and that is thought to benefit human health |
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| A substance that must be obtained from the diet, because the body needs it and cannot make it in required amounts |
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| What is the preferred source of energy in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the water content of the body? |
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Definition
- 50-65%
- 42 liters for an adult man
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| How many kCal per gram of FAT? |
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Definition
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| How many kCal per gram of Carbohydrate? |
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Definition
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| How many kCal per gram of protein? |
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| Steps used by scientists to explain observations |
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| A "fake" treatment given to the control group that cannot be distinguished from the actual treatment |
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| A group of people, animals, or cells in an intervention study that do not recieve the experimental treatment |
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| A group of subjects that are exposed to the variable of an experiment |
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| When study participants have an equal chance of being assigned to each experimental group |
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Definition
| an ion that has a net NEGATIVE charge |
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Definition
| An ion that has a net POSITIVE charge |
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| A factor, other than the one of interest, that might influence the outcome of the experiment |
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Definition
| The "desire" of an atom to have eight electrons in its outer valence shell |
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| What is the normal pH of blood? |
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Definition
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Definition
| A substance that releases or binds hydrogen ions in order to resist changes in pH |
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| What is the primary cause of ulcers? |
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Definition
| A bacteria called H. Pylori |
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Definition
- a.k.a. simple sugar
- category of carbohydrates consisting of mono- or disac- charides |
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Definition
| Category of carbohydrates that includes oligosaccharides and polysaccharides |
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Definition
| Polysaccharide consisting of a highly branched arrangement of glucose molecules found primarily in liver and skeletal muscle |
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| Why is fiber indigestible? |
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Definition
| Because they contain beta-glycosidic bonds, which are resistant to digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| The impact of different foods on the magnitude and duration of the rise in blood glucose after a meal |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone secreted by the pancreatic beta-cells in response to increased blood glucose |
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Definition
| Hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha-cells in response to decreased blood glucose |
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Definition
| Releases pancreatic juice that neutralizes chyme and contains enzymes needed for carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion. |
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Definition
- Building blocks of proteins
- nutrient composed of a central carbon bonded to an amino group, carboxylic acid and an R-group |
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Definition
| Organic compound used as an energy source during starvation, fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, or uncontrolled diabetes |
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Definition
The adequacy of food proteins for supplying the body with essential amino acids
- Bioavailability and completeness are factors |
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| What happens to excess protein? |
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Definition
| They are converted to lipids via deamination |
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Term
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Definition
- protein-energy malnutrition
- All out starvation
- skin and bones appearance |
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Definition
- What the first child gets when the second child comes
- Slight energy deficiency with significant protein deficiency
- Puffed bellies
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Term
| Primary Protein Structure |
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Definition
- Order/Organization of the amino acids
- Determined by DNA
- Unique
- Determines the proteins major characteristics
- one variation can cause disease
- sickle cell anemia |
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Term
| Secondary Protein Structure |
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Definition
- Three-dimensional shape
- created by +/- charges of the amino and carboxylic acids
- Form weak hydrogen bonds
- most common structures:
- alpha helix
- beta folded sheets |
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Term
| Tertiary Protein Structure |
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Definition
- Additional Folding of the protein due to R-groups
- Form disulfide bonds
- very strong
- disrupting them can ruin the structure |
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Term
| Quarternary Protein Structure |
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Definition
- Several polypeptide chains that come together to form a final protein
- can have non-protein parts called prosthetic groups
- are essential to the protein's function |
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| Steps of Protein Synthesis |
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Definition
1. Cell-Signaling
- a cell receives a signal that tells it to make a protein
2. Transcription
- mRNA copies the DNA to bring it out of the nucleus
3. Translation
- tRNA reads the mRNA and determines what amino acids to put in the new protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipids that are liquid at room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipids that are solid at room temperature |
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Term
| What is "alpha" in relation to fatty acids? |
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Definition
| The end of a fatty acid with the carboxylic acid group (-COOH) |
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Term
| What is "omega" in relation to fatty acids? |
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Definition
| The end of a fatty acid with the methyl group (-CH3) |
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Term
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Definition
- A fatty acid containing at least one trans double bond
- Can be created through a process called hydrogenation |
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| What are the essential fatty acids? |
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Definition
| Linolenic (omega 3) and Linoleic (omega 6) |
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Term
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Definition
- lipid class of sterols/sterol esters
- multiring structures
- weak polar compound |
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Definition
- “Good” cholesterol
- Lipoprotein made by liver that circulates in the blood to collect excess cholesterol from cells
- Lowest lipid-to-protein ratio
- Reverse cholesterol transport
- Salvages excess cholesterol from cells and transports them back to liver |
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Definition
- “Bad” cholesterol
- Delivers cholesterol to cells
- Can increases build-up of plaque
- High levels of LDL associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease |
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Definition
- Smaller stable lipid particles
- Increase surface area of lipid |
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| What are the 10 water soluble vitamins? |
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Definition
Riboflavin B2
Niacin B3
Pantothenic Acid B5
B6
B12
C
Biotin
Choline
Folate
Thiamin
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Term
| Which amino acid can niacin be made from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the fat-soluble vitamins? |
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Definition
Vitamin A
Vitamin E
Vitamin D
Vitamin K |
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Term
| What metabolite in skin is used to synthesize vitamin D3? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Where Bile is stored
- Stimulated by Cholecystokinin
- Releases bile into the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
- Primary site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
- 20 ft. Long
- Order of parts:
- Duodenum
- sphincter of Oddi
- Jejunum
- Ileum |
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Term
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Definition
| The cartilage flap that covers the trachea for swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
| Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach |
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Term
| What is the order of the GI sphincters (top to bottom)? |
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Definition
- Gastroesophageal
- Pyloric
- Sphincter of Oddi
- Ileocecal
- Anal |
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Term
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Definition
| Waves of muscular contraction that move materials in the GI tract in a forward direction |
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Term
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Definition
| A muscular movement in the GI tract that moves the contents back and forth within a small region |
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Term
| What is the order of the sections of the GI tract (top to bottom)? |
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Definition
| Mouth --> Esophogus --> Gastroesophogeal Sphincter --> Stomach --> Pyloric Sphincter --> S.I. Duodenum --> Sphincter of Oddi --> Jejunum --> Ileum --> Ileocecal Sphincter --> Large Intestine --> Anal Sphincter |
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| What are the phases of digestion? |
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Definition
Cephalic
- before food enters mouth
Gastric
- arrival of food in stomach
Intestinal
- from the small intestine on |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar |
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Term
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Definition
Water Soluble
Function: ATP production
Coenzyme: TPP
Deficiency: Beri Beri
Symptoms: dry, wet, infintile, cerebral |
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Term
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Definition
Water Soluble
Function: converts vitamins
Coenzyme: FAD
Deficiency: Ariboflavinosis
Symptoms: weakness, sores of the lips, inflamed tongue, anemia, confusion |
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Term
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Definition
Water Soluble
Function: DNA synthesis, replication, and repair
Enzyme: NAD+ / NADP+
Deficiency: Pellagra
Symptoms: rough skin, dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, death |
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Term
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Definition
Water Soluble
Function: Metabolism of glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, for energy
Enzyme: CoA
Deficiency: Burning Feet Syndrome
Symptoms: tingling in the feet, limbs, fatigue, weakness, nausea |
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Term
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Definition
Water Soluble
Function: Over 100 chemical reactions related to the metabolism of proteins and amino acids via transamination
Enzyme: PLP
Deficiency: Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia
Symptoms: small, lightly colored red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
Water Soluble
Function: energy metabolism
Enzyme: HCO3
Deficiency: no name
Symptoms: depression, hallucinations, skin irritations, infections, hair loss, poor muscle control, seizures, developmental delays in infants. |
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Term
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Definition
Water Soluble
Function: transfer of single carbon groups
Enzyme: THF
Deficiency: Macrocytic Anemia
Symptoms: immature red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
Water Soluble
Function: CoA and THF production
Enzyme: THF
Deficiency: Pernicious Anemia
Symptoms: macrocytic anemia, difficulty sleeping, numbness, memory loss, severe neurological disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
Water Soluble
Function: Antioxidant
Enzyme: --
Deficiency: Scurvy
Symptoms: bleeding gums, skin irritations, bruising, poor wound healing. |
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Term
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Definition
Water Soluble
Function: Synthesizing phospholipids
Deficiency: Liver Damage in adult men
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Term
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Definition
Fat Soluble
Function: Growth, Reproduction, Vision
Parent Compound: Retinoids
Dificiency: VADD
Symptoms: night blindness |
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Definition
Fat Soluble
Function: Calcium Homeostasis, Bone Health, Cell differentiation
Parent Compound: Calciferols
Deficiency: Rickets
Symptoms: Osteomalacia, Osteoperosis |
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Definition
Fat Soluble
Function: Antioxidant, Cell membranes, Eye health, Heart health
Parent Compound: tocopherol
Deficiency: Neromuscular problems, Hemolytic anemia
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Term
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Definition
Fat Soluble
Function: Coenzyme, Blood clotting, bone helth, tooth health
Parent Compound: quinones
Deficiency: vitamin K deficiency
Symptoms: bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
| A carbon-carbon double bond in which the hydrogen atoms are arranged on opposite sides of the double bond |
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