Term
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Definition
7th leading cause of death in the US
Common, chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) |
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| Lack of insulin can cause |
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Definition
| an affect of the metabolism of carbs, proteins, and fat, which can lead to lifelong complications through the body |
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Definition
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Term
Type 1 Diabetes
The Facts Yo |
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Definition
Autoimmune
Causes destruction of beta cells
Juvenile (kids mostly affect)
Rapid onset
Insulin dependent
Weight loss (cells are starving for glucose)
Polyphagia (body says blood sugar increases they want to bring it down by urinating)
Causes thirst (leads to dehydration)
Polydispia (excessive thirst) |
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Definition
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Type 2 Diabetes
The facts yo! |
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Definition
Gradual onset
impaired glucose tolerance
insulin resistant cells
beta cells become exhausted
oral hypoglycemics
diet and exercise control
insulin resistance
overweight
progressive thing occurs
liver increase glucose output |
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Term
| Secondary causes of diabetes |
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Definition
| cushings, hyperthyroidism, pancreatitis, steriods |
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Definition
| protective in diabetes from type 1 |
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Definition
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| Lighting round! IS it type 1 or 2? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Gradual impaired glucose tolerance |
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Definition
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Term
| Inappropriate glucose production by the liver |
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Definition
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Term
| Production of islet cell antibodies |
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Definition
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Term
| B cell secretory exhaustion |
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Definition
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Term
| Compensatory increased insulin production |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetic susceptibility for antibody production |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Energy source (preferred fuel for CNS)
Assists in building cell membranes
Affects protein metabolism |
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Term
| For glucose to enter cells 2 conditions must be present |
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Definition
Receptors (doors)
Insulin (key to unlock receptors) |
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Term
| 3 food sources that provide energy |
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Definition
| Carb (100% glucose), protein (50%), fat (10%) |
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Term
Pancreatic cells
primary function |
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Definition
Exocrine (98%)-digestive function
Endocrine is only 2% |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 20%, Glucagon, in response to low glucose |
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Definition
75%, insulin
In response to high glucose
Helps maintain normal blood lipid levels |
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Term
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Definition
| <2%, Somatostatin, blocks secretion of glucagon and glucose |
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Definition
| low levels during fasting |
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Term
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Definition
| increased levels after eating |
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Term
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Definition
| The protein of 2 amino acid chains |
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Term
| What two chains of amino acid proteins are there? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
The key that opens cells membranes to glucose.
It is released in response to high glucose |
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Definition
glucose stores in liver\muscle-glycogen (glycogenesis)
Protein and fat synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
Glycogen breakdown to glucose (glycogenolysis)
Fat conversion to acids (ketogenesis)
Protein conversion to glucose (gluconeogenesis) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| how much insulin the body is producing |
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Term
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Definition
Impaired fasting glucose (100-125)
Impaired glucose tolerance (140-199)
High blood pressure (above 130\85)
Abdominal obesity (visceral fat)
Elevated lipid profile |
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Term
| Metabolic syndrome (look up) |
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Definition
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Term
Elevated lipid profile
Triglycerides
HDL
LDL |
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Definition
above 150
below 40 for men, below 50 women
LDL above 100 |
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Term
| Diabetes: Clinical Manifestations |
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Definition
| The triad (polyuria, polydispia, polyphagia), weight loss (1), obesity (type 2), Fatigue (Both), Increased infections (UTI, candida) (2), non healing sores (2) |
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Term
| 4 (m's) things ya need to do fo cornerstone of management!! |
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Definition
Monitor (Lab)
Meals (Diet)
Movement (Exercise)
Medicatoins (insulin or oral agents) |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood glucose testing and urine testing |
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Term
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Definition
Fasting (or 2 hours after meal)
Before any insulin
at meals and snacks
always at bedtime
before or after exercise
When ill |
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Definition
Early clues for ketoacidosis
Ketones may be present when blood glucose is greater than 300 mg\dl
When patient is sick |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemoglobin A1C, Urine Microalbumin, Serum Creatine, Fasting lipids, blood pressure, yearly eye checks |
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Term
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Definition
Every 3-4 months
a1C goal <7% (pt in general) |
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Term
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Definition
detects protein in urine
Earliest sign of vascular damage to glomerulus in type 2
Indicates risk for cardiovascular disease |
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Term
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Definition
HDL, LDL, Triglycerides and total cholesterol
Adults: Yearly
Children and Adolescents: Every 3 years |
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Term
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Definition
(< or equal to 130\80)
Indicates for renal or cardiovascular disease
Tested every visit |
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Term
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Definition
PRotein 10-20% of calories, Fat (<30% of total calories)
Saturated fats <7% cholesterol <200mg\day
Fiber 25-35g\day
Alcohol <2 drinks a day
Artificial sweeteners (in moderation)
My Plate |
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Term
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Definition
Daily planned exercise
at least 30 minutes
Not within 1 hour of insulin
not at peak insulin
Blood glucose 80 mg\dl
No ketones in urine |
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Term
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Definition
lowers bloods glucose
Facilitates appropriate weight
Increases HDL's and decreases triglycerides
Decreases BP and other cardiovascular complications |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulin, Non-insulin (oral agents and injectable) See Charts |
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Term
| Your patient is receiving insulin, identify 2 important assessments |
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Definition
Blood glucose
What they're eating |
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Term
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Type 1 |
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Definition
Physiological response to unsufficient insulin
Often present at diagnosis
Onset fairy rapid, often 24 hours |
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Term
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) type 1
symptoms |
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Definition
Increased blood osmolality (glucose above 500)
Glucose spills into urine
Urinary output increases (trying to decrease glucose)
Dehydration
Decreased circulating volume = hypoxia
Ketones develop in the blood of from breakdown of fats for energy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When blood acidotic, Nausea and vomiting with dehydration, high serum potassium (More K in the blood, leaves cell), Brain deprived glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Rehydrate, med management-insulin and electrolytes |
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Term
| Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS) type 2 |
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Definition
Hyperglycemia (above 600), insulin deficiency and dehydratoin and electrolyte losses without ketosis
Gradual onset, triggered by infection, stress, altered by infection, stress, altered CNS functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| Rehydrate, med management-insulin and electrolytes |
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Term
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Definition
BG <70 per ADA
Insulin reactions, medications, not eating, exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| Hunger, weakness, sweating, shakiness, headache, rapid heart rate, nervous feeling, pallor, dilated pupils, mod-confusion, irritability, unusual behavior, blurred vision, slurred speech sev-loss of consciousness, seizures |
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Term
| Treatment of hypoglycemia |
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Definition
15 grams of CHO
1 cup of skim milk
6 oz of rgular soda
3 glucose tablets
2-3 tsp sugar dissolved in water
1\2 cup of juice
2 tsp of honey or corn syrup
Symptoms should subside in 10-15 minutes
Repeat blood glucose |
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Term
| Severe hypoglycemia (BG <40) |
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Definition
| Swallowing is not safe, glucagon injection, acute care :50% dextrose solution IV push |
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Term
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Definition
| liver will release stored sugars, arousal in 5-15 minutes, vomiting, call 911 if outside hospital |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress, surgery, infection, trauma, are they eating? |
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Term
| Lighting round! Hypoglycemia 1 vs. Hyperglycemia 2 |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| increased exercise without food |
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Definition
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1 or 2
On loss of consciousness-could be either depending on the blood glucose level; probably thought of more often with hypo and only hyper with DKA or HHNS. |
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