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Definition
| response to human rights violations; the Nuremberg Code was one of the first international efforts to establish ethical standards |
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| research problems in which participants' rights and study demands are put in direct conflict |
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| imposes a duty on researchers to minimize harm and to maximize benefits |
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| researchers have an obligation to avoid, prevent, or minimize harm |
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| the researcher has fully described the nature of the study, the person's right to refuse participation, the researcher's responsibilities, and likely risks and benefits |
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| Covert data collection (concealment) |
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Definition
| collecting data without participants' knowledge and thus without their consent |
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| involves deliberately witholding information about the study, or providing participants with false information |
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| designed to determine whether the benefits of participating in a study are in line with the costs, be they financial, physical, emotional, or social |
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| a risk expected to be no greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during routine physical or psychological tests or procedures |
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| means that participants have adequate information regarding the research, comprehend the information, and have the power of free choice, enabling them to consent to or decline participation voluntarily |
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| participants sign these to document the informed consent process |
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| researchers may assume this when they don't obtain written informed consent and the primary means of data collection is through self-administered questionnaires |
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| in a qualitative study, this type of consent may be viewed as an ongoing, transactional process |
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| the most secure means of protecting confidentiality; occurs when even the researcher cannot link partipants to their data |
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| a pledge that any information participants provide will not be publicly reported in a manner that identifies them and will not be made accessible to others |
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| sessions after data collection is completed to permit participants to ask questions or air complaints |
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| may be incapable of giving fully informed consent (e.g., mentally retarded people) or may be at high risk of unintended side effects because of their circumstances (e.g., pregnant women) |
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| refers to the child's affirmative agreement to participate |
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Term
Research misconduct
(scientific misconduct) |
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Definition
| has received increasing attention in recent years as incidents of researcher fraud and misrepresentation have come to light |
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