Term
| Axons of one neuron doesn’t touch the _ of another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an impulse reaches the end of its axon, a biochemical messenger called a _ is released |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water, glucose, electrolytes, proteins, <5 wbc |
|
|
Term
| normal protein level of CSF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extends from the border of the first cervical vertebra (C1) to the level of the second lumbar vertebra (L2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| aging pigment deposited in nerve cells with amyloid, a type of protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which convey impulses towards the cell body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which conduct impulses away from the cell body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmit information from distal parts of the body or environment toward the central nervous system |
|
Definition
| Sensory neurons (Afferent) |
|
|
Term
| Carry motor information from the CNS to the periphery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| material that covers many axons and dendrites, and enhancees conduction along nerve fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| myelin sheath gives the axons a _ appearance, cell bodies without myelin appear _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vital signs in a neurological assessment are a reliable but |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 categories of an advanced neurologic examination |
|
Definition
| cranial nerves, coordination and balance, neuromuscular function, sensory function, reflexes |
|
|
Term
| OH OH OH TO TOUCH AND FEEL A GIRL'S VELVET SO HEAVENLY TRY IT |
|
Definition
| Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, acoustic, glassopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal |
|
|
Term
| drug therapy for the neurologic system |
|
Definition
Antimicrobials
Analgesics
Anti-inflammatory
Corticosteroids
Anticonvulsants
Diuretics
Chemotherapeutic agents
Dopaminergics
Anticholinergics
Cholinergics
Antihistamines |
|
|
Term
| Any procedure done to repair a skull defect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excision of a segment of the skull |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surgical opening of the skull |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monitor for s/sx of complications of brain surgery |
|
Definition
Headache
Visual disturbance
Vomiting
Seizure
Respiratory distress or depression
For craniotomy: increased ICP, CSF leak, meningitis, & seizures |
|
|
Term
| gillain barre syndrome typically begins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| earliest and most reliable indicatro of ICP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classic pupil changes (late sign): With increased ICP |
|
Definition
| pupils dilated, fixed, non-reactive to light (referred to as “blown pupils”) due to pressure on the oculomotor (3rd) cranial nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contralateral effects, hemiparesis, hemiplegia, decerebrate, decorticate, hypothalamic impariment, hypertension, widen pulse pressure, HR slow & irregular, alterations in resp pattern |
|
|
Term
| extension posturing, problem in midbrain/upper pons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| abnormal flexion posturing, problem is above the midbrain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug therapy for increased ICP |
|
Definition
Mannitol (hyperosmolar diuretic)
Corticosteriods to decrease inflammation
Decadron or Solumedrol |
|
|
Term
| Intracranial vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| migraine headache is Triggered by |
|
Definition
| menstruation, ovulation, alcohol, some foods, stress |
|
|
Term
| pain r/t to migraine headache is usually _ and often beings in the _ area and is very intense |
|
Definition
| unilateral, temple or eye |
|
|
Term
| mild migrains are treated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sever migraines are treated with |
|
Definition
| ergotamine (Cafergot) or sumatriptan (Imitrex) tablet or autoinjector for self-injection, fluids, and rest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tearing and n/v, hypersensitive to light and sound |
|
|
Term
| Occur in a series of episodes followed by a long period with no symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intensely painful, usually unilateral, and seem to be related to stress or anxiety
Usually have no warning symptoms
Shorter duration than migraines |
|
|
Term
| treatment for cluster headache may include |
|
Definition
| cold application, indomethacin (Indocin), and tricyclic antidepressants |
|
|
Term
| Result from prolonged muscle contraction from anxiety, stress, or stimuli from other sources, such as a brain tumor or an abscessed tooth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pain location may vary; may have nausea and vomiting, dizziness, tinnitus, or tearing |
|
|
Term
| treatment for tension headache |
|
Definition
correction of known causes, psychotherapy (if related to anxiety), massage, heat application, and relaxation techniques
Analgesics, usually nonopioid, and anxiolytics to reduce anxiety and stress may be prescribed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scalp injuries, concussion, contusion, hematoma, intracerbral hemorrhage, penetrating injuries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lacerations, contusions, abrasions, and hematomas |
|
|
Term
| Trauma with no visible injury to the skull or brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bruising and bleeding in the brain tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Subdural hematoma or epidural hematoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From lesions within the tissue of the brain itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sharp objects penetrate the skull and brain tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| surgical treatment of head injury are directed at |
|
Definition
| evacuating/remvoing hematomas and debriding damaged tissue |
|
|
Term
| Inflammation of the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord caused by either viruses or bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three most frequently encountered acute bacterial meningitis are: |
|
Definition
Neisseria meningitis (meningiococcal)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (in adults)
Haemophilus influenzae |
|
|
Term
| mode of transmissin for meningitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complications of meningitis include |
|
Definition
| seizures, septicemia, vasomotor collapse (shock), and increased ICP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Headache “Worst of my life”
Nuchal rigidity
Irritability; Altered LOC
Decreased level of consciousness
Photophobia (sensitivity to light)
Hypersensitivity; Seizures
Positive Kernig’s sign
fever
signs of increased ICP
positive brudzinski's sign |
|
|
Term
| When pt’s hip is flexed to a 90o angle producing pain in the hamstring area when knee is extended |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flexion of Both hips when the neck is flexed |
|
Definition
| positive brudzinski's sign |
|
|
Term
| medical diagnosis for menigitis |
|
Definition
| Lumbar puncture to obtain CSF for lab analysis |
|
|
Term
| medical treatment for menigitis |
|
Definition
| atimicrobial therapy, anticonvulsans, osmotic diuretis |
|
|
Term
| narcots are usually contraindicated for meningitis because they may |
|
Definition
| interfere with accurate neurological assessment |
|
|
Term
| patient's with meningits and those who interact with them should recieve the following interventions as necessarry |
|
Definition
vaccination to preven pneumoccocal pneumonia and influenza
treatment of respiratory and ear infections,
prophylactic antibiotics for anyone in close contact with bacterial meningitis |
|
|
Term
| Inflammation of brain tissue itself. Usually caused by a virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fever, nuchal rigidity (stiff neck), headache, confusion, delirium, agitation, and restlessness commonly seen
Comatose or exhibit aphasia, hemiparesis, facial weakness, and other alterations in motor activity |
|
|
Term
| medical treatment for encphalitis |
|
Definition
| enhance pt confort & increase strength, take appropriate safety precautions for possible seizure activity |
|
|
Term
| Progressive disease that affects the motor & sensory components of the peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| four types of guillain barre syndrome |
|
Definition
Ascending
Descending
Miller Fisher syndrome
Pure Motor GBS |
|
|
Term
| three stages of guillain barre syndrome |
|
Definition
Initial phase
Plateau phase
Recovery |
|
|
Term
| pt with gullain barre syndrome often report |
|
Definition
| recent viral infection or vaccination |
|
|
Term
| Symmetric muscle weakness: begins in lower extremities; ascends to trunk and upper extremities |
|
Definition
| intial phase of guillain barre syndrome |
|
|
Term
| intial phase of guillain barre syndrome s&S |
|
Definition
Visual and hearing disturbances, difficulty chewing, and lack of facial expression
Mild paresthesias or anesthesia in feet and hands in a glove or stocking distribution pattern |
|
|
Term
| autonomic NS effects of the initial phase of guillain barre syndrome |
|
Definition
| hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, cardiac dysrhythmias, profuse sweating, paralytic ileus, and urinary retention |
|
|
Term
| any disease or malfunction of the automonic nervous system occurs frequently in pt with respiratory involvement and is potentially life-threatening – may require intubation. r/t initial phase of guillain barre syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Remains essentially unchanged; no further deterioration, but no improvement either |
|
Definition
| plateau phase of guillain barre syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Remyelinization; muscle strength returns in a proximal-to-distal pattern (head to toes) |
|
Definition
| recovery phase of guillain barre syndrome |
|
|
Term
| medical treatment of guillain barre syndrom |
|
Definition
| preserve vital function (respiration), closely monitor resp status, mechanical ventilation initiated if vital capacity falls to 15mL/kg of body weight, massive doese of corticosteroids, plasmapheresis |
|
|
Term
| Progressive degenerative disorder of the basal ganglia: an eventual loss of coordination and control over involuntary motor movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Idiopathic Parkinson has no cause but linked to decreased levels of _ in the basal ganglia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia
Loss of dexterity and power in affected limbs, aching, monotone voice, handwriting changes, drooling, lack of facial expression, rhythmic head nodding, reduced blinking, and slumped posture
Advanced disease may have cogwheel rigidity and gait disturbances
Depression common; dementia may develop |
|
|
Term
| assessment findings for parkinson's syndrome |
|
Definition
| Weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, sweating, dysphagia, constipation, difficulty voiding, and unusual movements |
|
|
Term
| when assessing for parkinson's syndrome note |
|
Definition
| Note lack of facial expression, eyes fixed in one direction, drooling, slurred speech, tearing, tremors, muscle stiffness, and poor balance and coordination |
|
|
Term
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Degenerative neurologic disease, Affects males 2-4 times as often as females and strikes most often between 40 and 70 years of age |
|
Definition
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
|
|
Term
| withe ALS there is Degeneration of the anterior horn cells and the corticospinal tracts, so patient exhibits |
|
Definition
| upper and lower motor neuron symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Weakness of voluntary muscles of the upper extremities, esp. the hands
Difficulty swallowing and speaking with progressive weakness
Respirations shallow; difficulty clearing airway of pulmonary secretions
Death results from aspiration, respiratory infection, or respiratory failure |
|
|
Term
| medical treatment for ALS is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms that may be noted when assessing ALS |
|
Definition
| dyspnea, dysphagia, muscle cramps, weakness, twitching, joint stiffness, muscle atrophy, abnormal reflexes and gait, and paralysis |
|
|
Term
| Inherited degenerative neurologic disorder that causes a breakdown of nerve cells due to a defect in the 4th chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| huntignton's disease usually begins in middle adulthood with |
|
Definition
| abnormal movement's, emotional disturbance, intellectual decline |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of huntington's diseas progress steadily, increasing disability and death in _ after symptoms begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic, progressive disease due to a defect at the neuromuscular junction, where impulses are transmitted to muscle tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Insufficient acetylcholine receptor sites at the motor nerve junction, resulting in decreased acetylcholine which impairs neuromuscular transmission
With repeated stimulation, the muscle becomes exhausted; eventually unable to contract at all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if respiratory muscles are involved with myasthenia gravis death from _ occurs |
|
Definition
| respiratory insufficienc or arrest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weakness of voluntary muscles, particularly those of chewing, swallowing, and speaking, ptosis |
|
|
Term
| myasthenia gravis show partial improvements of strength with _ and dramatic improvement of strength with the use of _ |
|
Definition
| rest, anticholinesterase drugs |
|
|
Term
| medical diagnosis of myasthenia gravis involves administering edrophonium, an antichlinerstrerase agent, muscle tone is markedly improved within _ of injections, persists for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medical treatment of myasthenia gravis |
|
Definition
anticholinesterase drugs
Corticosteroids
Cytotoxic therapies
Thymectomy
Plasmapheresis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neostigmine and pyridostigmine (Mestinon) |
|
|
Term
| (EMERGENCY REQUIRING MECHANICAL VENTILATION) sudden exacerbation of myasthenic symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of myasthenic crisis |
|
Definition
| including difficulty swallowing and breathing, with possible resp arrest |
|
|
Term
| myasthenic crisis is precipitated by undermedicating with _ so they have too little acetylocholine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _ often precipitates events of myasthenic crisis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (EMERGENCY REQUIRING MECHANICAL VENTILATION) present with sudden, extreme weakness and respiratory impairment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chlinergic crisis is precipitated by overmedication with _ so they have too much acetylcholine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| s&s of cholinergic crisis |
|
Definition
Bradycardia
Generalized weakness or flaccid paralysis
Abdominal cramping; N/V/D
Dyspnea
Diaphoresis
Increased respiratory secretions
No improvement with administration of edrophonium (Tensilon) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Restlessness, apprehension
Respiratory muscle weakness; apnea or respiratory arrest develops quickly
Diaphoresis
Dyspnea
Difficulty swallowing
Increased bronchial secretions
Rapid improvement after edrophonium (Tensilon) is administered |
|
|
Term
| A group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication, repetitive behaviors, and stereotyped interests and activities |
|
Definition
| Autism Spectrum Disorders |
|
|
Term
| autism spectrum disorder includes: |
|
Definition
Classic Autism or Kanner’s syndrome
Asperger’s syndrome
Rett’s syndrome
Childhood disintegrative disorder
Pervasive developmental disorder – not otherwise specified |
|
|
Term
| red flags for diagnosis of autism |
|
Definition
No babbling or pointing by 12 months
No two-word spontaneous phrases by 24 months
Loss of previously attained social or language skills |
|
|
Term
| Developmentally inappropriate degree of gross motor activity, impulsivity, and inattention in the school and home that begins before age 7, lasts more than 6 months, and is not related to any other central nervous system illness |
|
Definition
| Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inattention and increased distractibility
Poor impulse control
Motor restlessness
Often under achieves in school, although has average to above-average intellect
Low self-esteem and problems with interpersonal relationships |
|
|
Term
| Manifestations of adhd: In children, at least 6 of the following (5 for adults): |
|
Definition
Difficulty listening and understanding
Inability to express ideas
Difficulty differentiating words that look or sound alike
Difficulty remembering personal information or spelling
Difficulty copying forms, printing, writing
Confusing left and right
Difficulty concentrating and impatient |
|
|
Term
| the child with adhd Exhibits at least three signs or symptoms of inattention: |
|
Definition
| Easily distracted, needs calm atmosphere, fails to complete work, doesn’t appear to listen, difficulty concentrating unless one-on-one, needs information repeated |
|
|
Term
| the child with adhd Exhibits at least three signs or symptoms of impulsivity: |
|
Definition
| Disruptive with other children, talks out in class, extremely excitable, cannot wait turn, overly talkative, and requires a lot of supervision |
|
|
Term
| the child with adhd exhibits two signs or symptoms of hyperactivity |
|
Definition
| Climbs on furniture, fidgets, always “on the go,” cannot stay seated, does things in a loud and noisy way |
|
|
Term
| medical treatment for adhd involves dopaminergic agonists which include |
|
Definition
Ritalin or Concerta (methylphenidate)
Focalin (dexmethylphenidate)
Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine)
Adderall (amphetamine/dextroamphetamine)
Strattera (atomoxetine) |
|
|
Term
| complementary and alternative therapy for adhd |
|
Definition
Biofeedback
Yoga
Dietary interventions |
|
|
Term
| the nervous system is divided into two main parts |
|
Definition
| central nervous system, peipheral nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| the peripheral nervous system which comprises all enrves of the distal parts of the body includign both |
|
Definition
| spinal and cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
| helps mainatin homeostasis for the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stress triggers the _ to increase the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
Definition
| sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| includes structural problems such as hydrocephalus |
|
Definition
| developmental and genetic disorders |
|
|
Term
| example of genetic disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of disease states that cause inflammation of meningeal tissue and brain tissue, respectively |
|
Definition
| meningitis and encephalitis |
|
|
Term
| the primary degenerative disease of the brian is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other degenerative disorders of the brain |
|
Definition
| MS, parkinson diseas, amyotrohpic lateral sclerosis, huntington disease |
|
|
Term
| four major components of a routine neurologic examination that provide valuable information regarding the overal integrity of the CNS |
|
Definition
| level of consciousness, pupillary evaluation, neuromuscular response, vital signs |
|
|
Term
| on the glasgo coma scale a normal alert person would score _, a person in a coma would score a _ or less |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the primary function of the cranial nerve is to control |
|
Definition
| sensory, motor and autonmic activities of the head and neck |
|
|
Term
| to perfomr the _ have the patient stand with feet together and arms at his or her sides, instruct the patient to close his or her eyes and maintain that position |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an invasive procedure that is used most often to detect infections and other disorders of the CNS, tumors and hydrocephalus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for lumbar puncture the cannula is inserted into the subarachnoid space at the level of the |
|
Definition
| fourth or fifth lumbar vertebra |
|
|
Term
| entering at the fourth or fifth level for lumbar puncture allows the physician to avoid traumatizing the spinal cord which ends at the level of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal CSF has the following characteristics |
|
Definition
| pressure 50-175 mm H20, ph 7,30-7.40, cleare, colorless appearance, fasting glucose 40 to 80 mg/dL, white blood cells 0-5 small lymphocytes/mm2 |
|
|
Term
| a graphic representation of electrical activity in brain cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| studies the response of peripheral motor and sensory nerves to electrical stimuli, needle electrodes are placed on several points over a nerve and overa the muscles supplied by the nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| provides images of the cerebral carotid and vertebral blood vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cerebral angiography is the most definititive diagnostic test in the diagnosis of |
|
Definition
| cerebral aneurysm or congenital vasular disorders such as arteriovenous malformation |
|
|
Term
| risk of cerebral angiography |
|
Definition
| sever allergy to contrast media, embolus, hematoma, hemorrhage, renal toxicity, transient ischemic attack, infection and loss of consciousness |
|
|
Term
| obtained to visualize the spinal cord and vertebrae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the puncture for mylography is made in the lumbar area between |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for a myelography and _ must be signed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| before surgery, if the patient has cerebral edema _ may be ordered to help reduce cerebral swelling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pt having a craniotomy is at risk for |
|
Definition
| ICP, CSF leak, meningitis and seizures |
|
|
Term
| as ICP increases the perfusion to brain tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the minimum perfusion pressure necessary to ensure adequte cerebral functioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if perfusion pressure falls to _ ischemia occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a perfusion pressure of _ or less is incompatible with life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypothalamic impairment results in the loss of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as ICP compresses the tissue around the hypothalamus it becomes _ and unable to regulate body tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypertension, bradycarida, widening pulse pressure |
|
|
Term
| one of the mainstays of treatment for ICP |
|
Definition
| IV mannitol administration |
|
|
Term
| hyperosmolar diuretic that draws edema fluid from the tissue spaces into the bloodstream |
|
Definition
|
|
