Term
Why does early nutrition has a significant impact on the present and future health and well being of the infant |
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Definition
Period of rapid brain growth and development
Newborn socialization – cognitive and emotional development |
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Term
Best estimate of adequate fluid and caloric intake is |
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Definition
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Term
Infants weight lost the first few days after birth |
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Definition
Formula fed – 3-5% of birth wt
Breast fed – up to 7%
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Term
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Definition
Due to loss of extracellular fluids, low fluid intake, passage of meconium |
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Term
When are infants back to their birth weight? |
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Definition
Regaining by 5 days
Back to birth wt by 10 days
Preterm 10 – 14 days |
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Term
Small for gestational age
SGA |
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Definition
weight less than the 10th percentile for gestational age |
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Term
Large for gestational age
LGA |
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Definition
weight greater than the 90th percentile for gestational age
Macrosomia: > 4000 grams |
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Term
Appropriate for gestational age
AGA |
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Definition
weight between the 10th and 90th percentile |
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Term
Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) |
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Definition
May or may not be SGA
Symmetrical-both head and wt
Asymmetrical-involves weight, head and length are spared |
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Term
Expected weight gain in term infant |
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Definition
1oz/ day or 10 gm/kg/day
Double birth wt 1st 5mo, triple 1yr
OFC -1 cm/week
Length-1 cm/per week 1in/mo 1st six mo then 0.5in last 6 mo |
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Term
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Definition
Gastric volume = 30 mls
Length of esophogus =10cm
Small intestine = 250-300cm
Large intestine = 40cm
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Term
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Definition
chewing, moistening, preliminary starch digestion |
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Term
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Definition
mixing, liquifying, formation of acid curd, preliminary protein and fat digestion |
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Term
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Definition
emulsification of fats, preliminary digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, fat and protein
Approximately 7 cm in length at term |
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Term
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Definition
Final digestion by intestinal mucos
Main absorptive site for CHO, protein,
water, and NaCl,vitamins, and minerals
Approximately 100 cm long at term |
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Term
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Definition
water, NaCl, bili salts,
vitamin B absorbed
Approximately 150 cm
long at term |
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Term
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Definition
salt and water absorption, storage |
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Term
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Definition
Stomach formation of acid curd, pepsin, and renin enzyme activity
Duodenum peptides and pancreatic protease enzyme ctivity reduce dietary proteins to free amino acids
Jejunum amino acid absorption
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Term
Carbohydrate
Polysaccharides
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Definition
Mouth salivary amylase acts on polysaccharides
Stomach starch and polysaccharides
Duodenum pancreatic amylase breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides
Jejunum enzymes contained in brush borders of mucosal cells. Monosaccharides absorbed mainly in jejunum.
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Term
Free Fatty Acids
Triglycerides |
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Definition
Duodenum – pancreatic lipase breaks triglycerides into free fatty acids. Breast milk is better absorbed because it has lipase.
Jejunum – bile salts from liver and gall bladder coat fatty acids to make them water soluble and therefore able to be absorbed. Fats are absorbed in the jejunum and enter circulation via lymphatics.
Ileum – Bile salts are reabsorbed and recirculated through the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
Term infant can tolerate min intake 24 to 72 hours – colostrum is sufficient
Preterm: 60 – 80 mL/kg/day initially
Increases to about 140 mL/kg/day after the first week |
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Term
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Definition
Full term infant approximately twice that of an adult based on body weight
Term newborn requires 100-115 calories/kg/day at one month of age |
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Term
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
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Definition
Energy needed for thermoregulation, cardiorespiratory function, cellular activity, growth |
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Term
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Definition
Absorption of fat soluble vitamins ADEK
Precursor of prostaglandins & hormones
Essential fatty acids essential for visual acuity and cognitive ability |
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Term
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Definition
98% of human milk fat is triglycerides
Small amount of cholesterol
Variable – 30-50 grams per liter |
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Term
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Definition
Carbohydrates 40% of infant’s diet
50% of their calories from fats
Protein requirements are 0.8 – 0.9 grams per deciliter |
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Term
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Definition
Promote growth of lactobacillus bifidus, providing an acidic environment hostile to bacteria
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Term
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Definition
Lactose
Enhances absorption of calcium, magnesium and zinc |
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Term
What type of
protein is in milk? |
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Definition
Human milk whey protein Easily digested (~ 90 minutes)
Cow’s milk casein |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency of lactase that splits lactose into glucose & galactose. —Rare in infants
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, gas
Developed at 2-5 yrs or as adult |
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Term
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Definition
Bloody stools, diarrhea, failure to
thrive, skin rash |
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Term
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Definition
Milk based
Iron fortified |
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Term
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Definition
Infants with milk protein allergy frequently allergic to soy protein as well.
Decreased absorption of Fe, calcium, and zinc
Not recommended for preterm infants AAP recommends for term infants with galactosemia or primary lactase deficiency |
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Term
Hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed formulas |
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Definition
Protein has been broken down into smaller components
Enfamil Gentlease, Nestle Good Start Gentle Plus
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Term
Nutramigen or Alimentum, Pregestimil
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Definition
Extensively hydrolyzed casein supplemented with free amino acids
Lactose free |
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Term
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Definition
| formula-short gut syndrome, multiple food allergies, GI disorders (ie NEC) Neocate, Elecare 100% free amino acids, corn syrup carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
Extra protein
Additional calories
Medium chain triglycerides
Additional calcium and phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
Extra protein, carbohydrates and fat
Additional calories
Additional calcium and phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
Breast milk fortifier that is human milk based |
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Term
Factors influencing the decision to breast feed |
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Definition
Knowledge regarding breast feeding
Cultural
Influence of relatives, father of child
Social customs
Less common teens, low birth weight babies, residence in southern states |
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Term
Advantages to breast feeding |
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Definition
Protection from infection,Greater feeding tolerance
Lower risk of type I diabetes, Less Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, Fewer URI, Otitis media
Decreased NEC in preterm infants
Facilitates mother-infant bonding, Assists with maternal weight reduction,Spacing of children
Some evidence of enhanced neurocognitive function and visual acuity
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