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| hyponatremia (think: neuro) |
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weakness, lethargy, confusion, muscle cramps, twitching, seizures
-restrict fluids |
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| hypernatremia (think: neuro) |
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Definition
thirst, hyperpyrexia, dry mouth, hallucinations, lethargy, irritability, seizures
-restrict dietary sodium
-increase water intake |
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| hypokalemia (think: cardiac) |
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Definition
fatigue, muscle weakness, decreased GI motility, dysrhythmias, paresthesia, flat T waves
-potassium PO or IV
-never more than 20 meq/hr
-encourage increased dietary K+ |
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| hyperkalemia (think: cardiac) |
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muscle weakness, bradycardia, dysrhythmias, flaccid paralysis, elevated T waves
-eliminate parenteral K+
-kayexelate
-give calcium gluconate to protect heart
-possibly loop diuretics |
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| hypocalcemia (think: neuromuscular) |
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numbness, tingling of extremities, convulsions, positive trousseau sign (tetany), diarrhea
-calcium supplements PO 30 min ac
-administer IV calcium slowly, infiltration can cause tissue necrosis
-increase PO intake (dairy products, greens) |
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| hypercalcemia (think: neuromuscular) |
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Definition
muscle weakness, constipation, polyuria, polydipsia, neurosis, dysrhythmias
-eliminate parenteral calcium
-calcitonin
-avoid calcium based antacids
-possible renal dialysis |
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anorexia, distention, neuromuscular irritability, depression, disorientation
-MgSO4 IV
-increased PO intake (meats, nuts, legumes, fish, vegetables) |
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flushing, hypotension, drowsiness, lethargy, hypoactive reflexes, depressed respirations, bradycardia
-restrict dietary intake
-avoid mag based antacids |
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| hypophosphatemia (think:neuromuscular) |
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Definition
paresthesias, muscle weakness, muscle pain, mental changes, cardiomyopathy, resp failure
-correct underlying cause
-oral replacement w Vitamin D |
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tetany symptoms
-aluminum hydroxide w meals to bind w phos
-dialysis possible |
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