Term
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Definition
Cranial Nerve Exam
Postural reactions
Spinal Reflexes
Pain perception if appropriate
Anal tone/reflexes
Cutaneous trunci
Cervical/thoracolumbar pain |
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Term
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Definition
sensitive but not specific for localization
proprioception, hopping, wheelbarrow, extensor postural thurst, tactile placing, visual placing |
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Term
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Definition
| useful for lesion localization |
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Term
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Definition
Biceps
Triceps
Extensor carpi radialis
Withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
| musculocutaneous nerve to C6,7,8 |
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Term
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Definition
| radial nerve to C7,8 T1(2) |
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Term
| Extensor Carpi Radialis Test |
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Definition
| radial nerve to C7,8 T1 (2) |
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Term
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Definition
| not always in agreement with MRI |
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Term
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Definition
Patella
Sciatic
Gastrocnemius
Cranial Tibial |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Gastrocnemius Reflex Test |
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Definition
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Term
| Cranial Tibial Reflex Test |
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Definition
| common peroneal nerve to L6,7, S1 |
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Term
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Definition
look for cerebral response
may be subtle like change in respiration or changes
withdrawal reflex does not test perception of pain
Superficial pain-stimulate nociceptors in the skin by pinching toes
Deep pain-stimulate nociceptors of periosteum with needle |
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Term
| Pain Perception on Thoracic Limb |
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Definition
dorsal carpus - radial nerve
palmar carpus - median and ulnar nerves |
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Term
| Pain Perception on Pevlic Limb |
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Definition
dorsal aspect of lateral digits - peroneal nerve
plantar aspect of lateral digits - tibial nerve
medial aspect-saphenous nerve |
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Term
|
Definition
does not normally appear in animal lying in lateral recumbency
indicates significant UMN lesion that is not acute
indicated by extension of contralateral limb after stimulation of withdrawal reflex in a limb |
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Term
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Definition
briskly rub planta pes/manus with hemostatis of plexor handle
normal animal will do nothing, wiggle toes, or flex digits
abnormal response is fan-like extension of all digits
indicated chronic UMN lesion |
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Term
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Definition
paresis/paralysis
normal to increased reflexes
early and severe muscle atrophy
normal to decreased muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
paresis/paralysis
normal to increased reflexes
late muscle atrophy
normal to increased muscle tone |
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Term
| Acute Concussive Injury Primary |
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Definition
| direct injury to meninges, spinal cord and vasculature |
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Term
| Acute Concussive Injury Secondary |
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Definition
spinal cord ischemia, free radical damage, electrolyte abnormalities, neutrophil and macrophage activation
spinal cord grey matter is more rigid and fragile so susceptible to concussive injury |
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Term
| Spinal Cord Injury Order of Loss of Function |
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Definition
pain
proprioception
loss of voluntary motor/control of micturition
loss of superficial pain
loss of deep pain
recovery of function is in reverse order |
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Term
| Grading of Spinal Cord Injury |
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Definition
Grade 1 -spinal pain only
Grade 2-ambulatory with mild ataxia
Grade 3-nonambulatory, motor function still intact
Grade 4-absent motor function, deep pain present, disruption of micturition
Grade 5- deep pain lost |
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Term
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Definition
beta-mediated detrustor muscle relaxation
alpha-mediated internal urethral spincter tone
Ach-mediated external urethral tone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| UMN Lesions and Bladder Control |
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Definition
prevents ascending sensory information from reaching pontine micturition center
blocks descending signals
increased sphincter muscle tone
bladder becomes overdistended
tight junctions between muscle fibers are disrupted
long term distention causes permanent bladder atony |
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Term
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Definition
alpha-adrenergic blocker
relaxes smooth muscle urethral sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
cholinergic agonist
causes contraction of detrusor |
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Term
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Definition
alpha1 blocker
reduces smooth muscle sphincter tone |
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Term
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Definition
skeletal muscle relaxant
reduces external urethral sphincter tone |
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Term
| LMN Lesions and Bladder Control |
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Definition
decreases urethral sphincter tone
bladder becomes flaccid
urine dribbling |
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Term
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Definition
sympathomimetic
increases urethral sphincter tone |
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Term
| Chondroid Metaplasia in Intervertebral Disc Disease |
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Definition
Chondrodystrophic breeds
starts as early as 2 months
lose hydroelastic properties in disc and cannot withstand pressure
loss glycosaminoglycans and water in the disc
becomes dry and friable
common in Daschunds |
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Term
| Fibrous Metaplasia in Intervertebral Disc Disease |
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Definition
age related degenerative process
common in dogs older than 7 years
fibrous collagenization of nucleus pulposus
concurrent degeneration of annulus fibrosus
spinal cord compression
common in large breed dogs |
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Term
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Definition
aka Hansen type I
herniation of degenerate nucleus pulposus into spinal canal |
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Term
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Definition
aka Hansen Type II
shift of nucleus pulposus due to weakening of annulus fibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
radiographs aren't that helpful
MRI is the best imaging modality
CT scan works if the disc is mineralized
CSF will show pleicytosis in hal the cases (get before injecting contrast) |
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Term
| Cervical Intervertebral Disc Disease |
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Definition
less common
neck pain is most common sign
ataxia, tetraparesis, tetraplegia
C2-C3 most common site
C6-C7 common in large breeds
dorsolateral extrusion leads to nerve root trauma and pain
midline extrusion between fibers of dorsal longitudinal lineament more associated with cord compression and paresis/plegia |
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Term
| Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Disease |
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Definition
accounts for most cases
T11-L3
T12-T13 and L1-L2 most common |
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Term
| Intervertebral Disc Disease Medical Management |
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Definition
cage rest for 4-6 weeks to minimize more disc protrusion
pain medications
anti-inflammatories
minimize disc protrusion and allow scars to develop in annulus |
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Term
| Intervertebral Disc Disease Medical Management Outcomes |
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Definition
50% successful outcome
30% recurrence
20% failure |
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Term
| Intervertebral Disc Disease Surgical Management |
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Definition
if medical management is failing
if non-ambulatory
persistent pain or progression of signs
want to decompress spinal cord and remove disc material |
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Term
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Definition
severe inflammation and necrosis of spinal cord
can happen in 10% of deep pain negative dogs
spreads cranially and caudally |
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Term
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Definition
Hensen Type II degeneration of L7-S1 disc spaces
subluxation of S1 ventrally
congenital vertebral malformation or assymetric vertebrae
proliferation of soft tissues
sacral OCD |
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Term
| Lumbosacral Disease Pathogenesis |
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Definition
repeated stress leads to degeneration of intervertebral discs
subluxation of S1 compresses nerve roots
instability leads to proliferation of soft tissue and further compression
intervertebral degeneration can lead to protrusion and more compression
seen often in German Shephers |
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Term
| Lumbosacral Disease Signs |
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Definition
lumbar pain
paresis, ataxia
scuffing toes
pseudohyperreflexia
profound neuro deficits
Femoral nerve is not affected but sciatic nerve is affected
Patellar reflex looks more profound because quadriceps can't counteract hamstrings |
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Term
| Cervical Spondylomyelopathy |
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Definition
aka Wobbler's disease
genetic factors in large breed dogs
Dobermans
osseous or soft tissue compressive lesions |
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Term
| Cervical Spondylomyelopathy Osseous Compressive Lesions |
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Definition
giant breed dogs
born with this
stenosis of the cervical spine
this compresses the spinal cord |
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Term
| Cervical Spondylomyelopathy Soft Tissue Compressive Lesions |
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Definition
Middle ages Dobermans
often still have some degree of canal stenosis
hypertrophy of soft tissue
IVD protrustion |
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Term
| Cervical Spondylomyelopathy Features |
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Definition
large breed dogs have a single lesion or multiple lesions (50/50)
C6-C7 or C5-C6
giant breed dogs tend to have multiple lesions
C6-C7, C5-C6, C4-C5 |
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Term
| Cervical Spondylomyelopathy Signs |
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Definition
gradual onset of pelvic limb deficits
neck pain
guarding of the neck
thoracic limb deficits late in disease
lameness from nerve root compression |
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Term
| Cervical Spondylomyelopathy Treatment |
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Definition
medical management
exercise restriction
avoidance of neck collars
steroids
surgery depending on severity |
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Term
| Atlantoaxial Subluxation Causes |
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Definition
trauma
forceful flexing of the head
instablity due to stretching/tearing of ligaments, fracture of dens
Congenital malformation/absence of dens
need to be very careful with manipulation of the neck otherwise will kill them |
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Term
| Atlantoaxial Subluxation Signs |
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Definition
depends on degree of spinal cord injury
neck guarding
pain to tetraplegia to respiratory paralysis and death
often trauma or puppy toy breeds |
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Term
| Atlantoaxial Subluxation Treatment Options |
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Definition
conservative approach is young and acute
surgical approach if older, chronic, and severe pain with failure of medical treatment |
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Term
| Atlantoaxial Subluxation Conservative Treatment |
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Definition
need to have scar form to stabilize joint
neck brace for 6 weeks
cage rest for 6 weeks
antiinflammatories
long-term protection from trauma |
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Term
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Definition
temporary loss of motor and sensory function due to blockage of nerve conduction
focal demyelination
lasts day to weeks
often happens with turniquette |
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Term
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Definition
disruption of nerve cell axon with Wallerian degeneration occur below and slightly proximal to site of injury
endoneurium remains intact
rate of regrowth is 1-2 mm/day
take weeks to months |
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Term
|
Definition
axon and nerve sheath disrupted
permanent motor and sensory deficits
partial recover may occur but takes months |
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