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| The whole area that you can see without moving your head or eyes |
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| Neural cells in the retina that respond to light. |
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| The phenomenon by which interconnected neurons inhibit their neighbors, producing contrast at the edges of regions. So brightness isnt just the amount of light reflected, but by our visiual system inhibiting each other. |
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| The transparent outer layer of the eye, whose curvature is fixed. It blends light rays and is primarily responsible for forming the image on the retina. |
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| A structure in the eye that helps focus an image on the retina. |
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| the bending of light rays by a change in the density of a medium, such as the cornea and the lens of the eyes. |
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| One of the muscles that controsl the shape of the lens inside the eye, focusing an image on the retina. |
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| The process of focusing by the ciliary muscles and the lens to form a sharp image on the retina. |
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| The aperture, formed by the iris, that allows light to enter the eye. |
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| The circular structure of the eye that provides an opening to form the pupil. |
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| a unit of radiant energy. |
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| The length between two peaks in a repeated stimulus such as a wave, light, or sound. |
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| One of the muscles attached to the eyeball that controls its position and movements. |
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| the receptive surface inside the eye that contains photoreceptors and other neurons. |
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| A class of light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina that are mots active at low levers of light. |
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| A class of photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color vision. |
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| A class of interneurons of the retina that receive information from rods and cones and pass info to retinal ganglion cells. |
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| Class of cells in retina whos axons form the optic nerve. |
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| cranial nerve II. extend from retina to optic chiasm. |
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| specialized retinal cells that contact both the recptor cells and the bipolar cells. |
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| specialized retinal cells that contact both the bipolar cells and the ganglion cells. And are especially significant in inhibitory interactions within the retina. |
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| A system in the retina that operates at low levels of light and involves the rods. |
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| a system int he retina that operates at high levels of light, shows sensitivity to color and involves the cones. |
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| The photopigment in rods that responds to light. |
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| One of the two componentsof photobigments in the retina |
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| one of the two components of photopigments in the retina. |
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| a hypothesis of stimulus intensity perception stating that a wide range of intensity values can be encoded by a group of cells, each of which is a specialist for a particular range of stimulus intensities. |
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| the tendency of rods and cones to adjust their light sensitivity to match ambient levels of illumination |
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| the central portion of the retina. packed with the most photoreceptors and therefore the center of our gaze. |
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| the region of the retina devoid of receptor cells because ganglion cell axons and blood vessels exit the eyeball there. |
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| portion of the visual field from which light falls on the optic disc. Because there are no receptors in this region, light striking it cannot be seen. |
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| the point at which the two optic nerves meet |
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| the axons of retinal ganglion cells after they ahve passed the optic chiasm. most terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus. |
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| lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) |
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| the part of the thalamus that receives information from the optic tract and sends it to the visual areas in the occipital cortex. |
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| axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus that terminate in the primary cisual areas of the occipital cortex |
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Primary visual cortex (v1)
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Striate cortex |
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| region of the occipital cortex where most visual information first arrives. |
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| visual cortex. the cortex of the occipital lobe of the brain. |
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| visual cortex outside of the primary visual cortex. |
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| a region of blindness caused by injury to the visual pathway or brain |
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| the stimulus region and features that affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system. |
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| a retinal bipolar cell that is excited by light in the center of its receptive field. |
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| retinal bipolar cell that is inhibited by light in the centr of its receptive field. |
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| retinal ganglion cell that is activated when light is presented to the center, rather than the periphery, of the cell's receptive field. |
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| a retinal ganglion cell that is activated when light is presented to the periphery, rather than the center, of the cell's receptive field. |
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| of or consisting of relatively small cells. |
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| of or consisting of relatively large cells. |
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| a cell in the cisual cortex that responds best to an edge or a bar that has a particular width, as well as a particular orientation and location in the visual field. |
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| a cell in the visual cortex that responds best to a bar of a particular size and orientation anywehre within a particular area of the visual field. |
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| spatial-requency filter model |
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| A model of pattern analysis that emphasizes Fourier analysis of visual stimuli |
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| a region of cortex in which one eye or the other provides a greater degree of synaptic input |
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| a slab of visual cortex. neurons of all layers respond preferntially to stimulation of one eye |
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| a column of visual cortex that responds to rod-shaped stimuli of a particular orientation. |
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| one of the three basic dimensions of light perception, varying from dark to light. |
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| one of the three basic dimentions of light perception, varying around the color circle. |
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| one of the three basic dimensions of light perception, varying from rich to pale. |
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| a hypothesis of color perception stating that there are three different types of cones, each excited by a different region of the spectrum and each having a separate pathway to the brain. |
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| opponent-process hypothesis. |
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| the theory that color vision depends on systems that produce opposite responses to light of different wavelengths. |
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| an impairment in the direction extent, and rate of muscular mvoement. |
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| a neuron that is active both when an individual makes a particular movement and when that individual sees another individual make the same mvoemnt. |
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| nearsitedness; the inability to focus the retinal image of objects taht are far away. |
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