• Substance P
• Acetylcholine

• GABA
• Glycine
• enkephalin

Ascending

Function: mediates conscious proprioception, two-point discrimination and some tactile

Dorsal columns in spinal cord

--> ipsilaterally to dorsal column nuclei

--> cross to medial lemniscus

--> goes to contralateral VPL thalamic nuclei

--> enters postcentral gyrus

Ascending

Function: mediates pain and temperature

Lateral spinothalamics

--> cross in spinal cord

--> go to contrlateral VPL and posterior complex of thalamic nuclei

--> postcentral gyrus

Ascending

Function: mediates tactile impulses

Anterior spinothalamic

--> crosses in ___

--> goes to contralateral VPL

--> post-central gyrus

Ascending

Function: mediates unconscious proprioception from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs of upper limbs

Cuneocerebellar

--> accessory cuneate nucleus

--> inferior cerebellar peduncle

--> anterior lobe of cerebellar cortex

Ascending

Function: mediates unconscious proprioception from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs of lower limbs

Posterior spinocerebellar

--> ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle

--> anterior lobe of cerebellar cortex

Ascending

Function: mediates unconscious proprioception from Golgi tendon organs of lower limbs

Anterior spinocerebellar

--> Crosses at spinal cord

--> Crosses again at superior cerebellar peduncle

--> anterior lobe of cerebellar cortex

Descending

Function: mediates voluntary control of motor functions

Lateral corticospinal

--> from cerebral cortex

--> crosses at medullary pyramids

--> innervates contralateral muscles

Descending

Function: mediates excitator of flexor motor neurons at both cervical and lumbar levels

Rubrospinal

--> from red nucleus

--> crosses at ___

--> innervates contralateral flexors

Descending

Function: mediates inhibition of extensor reflexes

Lateral reticulospinal

--> from medulla

--> descends bilaterally to cervical and lumbar levels

Descending

Function: facilitates extensor reflexes

Lateral reticulospinal

--> from pons

--> descends ipsilaterally to cervical and lumbar levels

Descending

Function: mediates excitation of extensors

Lateral vestibulospinal

--> from lateral vestibular nucleus

--> descends ipsilaterally to cervical and lumbar levels

Descending

Function: mediates postural reflexes of head and neck

Medial vestibulospinal

--> from medial vestibular nucleus

--> descends ipsilaterally to cervical levels

First order: neurons from organ of Corti

--> synapes at cochlear nuclei in upper medullar

--> 2nd order project from lateral lemnisci

--> terminate bilaterally in inferior colliculus

--> 3rd order project to medial geniculate nucleus

--> 4th order project to superior temporal gyrus (primary auditory cortex)