Term
| What is characteristic of multiple sclerosis? |
|
Definition
| Demylenation of central neurons |
|
|
Term
| Which are the first regions to be affected? Why? |
|
Definition
| Ventricles, brain stem, optic nerve; these areas have a lot of neural activity so they are affected first |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of demylenation of these neurons? |
|
Definition
| Inflammation causes myelin to be replaced with scar tissue (plaques) |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) MS is characterized by remissions and exacerbations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sex is more vulnerable, and at what age are most people affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Individuals in a ___________ climate are more susceptible to MS. Why might this be? |
|
Definition
| Temperate; possibly because of a VetD deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of MS? |
|
Definition
- blurred vision
- diplopia
- scotoma (spot on visual field)
- paresthesias, fatigue
- progressive muscle weakness
- bladder, bowel dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| What two things contribute to MS diagnosis? |
|
Definition
1. MRI
2. CSF with proteins of lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 treatments for MS? |
|
Definition
1. Interferon
2. Monoclonal AB's
3. Steroids
4. Avoid exertion
5. Medical MJ |
|
|
Term
| What is Parkinson's disease? |
|
Definition
| Disease of the basal nuclei in the brain |
|
|
Term
| What does this disease cause? |
|
Definition
| Dopamine deficiency, and thus, imbalance between ACh and dopamine |
|
|
Term
| Which motor system is affected by Parkinsons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of Parkinsons? |
|
Definition
- resting tremor
- rigidity, bradykinesia (slower movements)
- difficulty swallowing, initiating motion
- shuffling gait
- stooped posture |
|
|
Term
| What two things appear at the later stages of parkinsons? |
|
Definition
- Orthostatic hypertension
- Dementia |
|
|
Term
| How is Huntington's disease inherited? At what age is its onset seen? |
|
Definition
| Autosomal dominant; 35-50 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depletion of GABA in the basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| What does this this depletion lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the consequences of brain atrophy |
|
Definition
- Choreiform movements
- Mood swings, poor judgement, memory lapses (due to atrophy of different parts of the brain) |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs in ALS? Are there any apparent causes? |
|
Definition
Degeneration of the lateral corticospinal tracts.
- No apparent nerve inflammation |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) ALS also has sensory, autonomic and/or cognitive involvements as well |
|
Definition
| False, disturbances seem to ONLY be in the motor dracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 signs of ALS? What does it progress to? |
|
Definition
- Muscular atrophy
- Dysarthia (because of CN nerve involvement)
- Progresses to respiratory failure |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of ALS patients exhibit the superoxide dismutase mutation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 leading causes of dementia? |
|
Definition
1. Alzheimers
2. Vascular injury |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs/symptoms of dementia? |
|
Definition
- cortical function loss
- language difficulty, innumeracy
- loss of motor co-ordination
- short-term memory loss; confusion about long term events
- personality changes |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) The forgetting seen in dementia is the same as when someone normally forgets a fact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does forgetfulness differ with dementia? |
|
Definition
| Patients cannot remember even if clues are present |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Computational ability is lost with dementia patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) The cause of Alzheimers is known |
|
Definition
| False, but genetic factors are present |
|
|
Term
| List two contributing factors to Alz |
|
Definition
- Cortical atrophy
- Beta amyloid plaques |
|
|
Term
| What can cause cortical atrophy? |
|
Definition
- Dilated ventricles
- Widened sulci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clusters of degenerating nerve terminals around an amyloid core - neurofibrillary tangles |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Tau protein presence means that the patient must have Alz always indicative of |
|
Definition
| False, it depends on the area of the brain that the tau protein forms |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) The sensory cortex is spared in Alz |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from the cortical and nervous degeneration in Alz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the early, progressing and late stages of Alzheimers |
|
Definition
Early: getting lost easily, loss of sense of humour, social withdrawal
Progressing:confusion in familiar places, difficulty with daily tasks, language
problems
Late:motor problems, incontinence, no awareness of surroundings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average survival period for a patient with Alz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List two common mental disorders |
|
Definition
1. Schizophrenia
2. Depression |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Schiz is a spectrum of disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Shiz patient usually exhibit multiple personalities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Schiz does not usually display concordance in twins |
|
Definition
| False, usually both twins will have the disorder |
|
|
Term
| What two abnormalities are seen in Schiz patients? |
|
Definition
1. Enlarged 3rd/4th ventricles
3. Decreased bloodflow to frontal lobes |
|
|
Term
| List the positive symptoms of Schiz |
|
Definition
| Delusions, bizarre behaviour, incoherence, hallucinations (esp auditory) |
|
|
Term
| List the negative symptoms of Schiz |
|
Definition
| flat, apathetic, anhedonic, withdraw socially |
|
|
Term
| What substance usually has increased levels in Schizo patients? What is used to overcome this? |
|
Definition
| Dopamine; D1 receptor antagonists |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) SSRI's are also given to Schiz patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rationale behind this? |
|
Definition
| LSD (5HT receptor antagonist) mimicks the symptoms of Schiz |
|
|
Term
| Why is it thought that there may be an NMDA receptor disorder? |
|
Definition
| Because PCP, which is an NMDA blocker, exhibits similar behaviours as well |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) Depression is a thought disorder |
|
Definition
| False, it is a mood disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Unipolar
2. Bipolar
3. Reactive |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes bipolar disorder? |
|
Definition
| Mood swings between depression and manic episodes |
|
|
Term
| What two things can cause reactive depression? |
|
Definition
- A life event
- Depression that comes along with a major disease |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) There is a genetic component to depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List characteristics of depression |
|
Definition
- Sleep disorders
- Lack of energy that interferes with daily life |
|
|
Term
| What are two chemical abnormalities seen with depression? |
|
Definition
- Decreased NE
- Decreased serotonin |
|
|
Term
| What are the treatments for depression? |
|
Definition
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- SSRI's
- NE reuptake inhibitors
- ETC
- MAO inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| Why do MAO inhibitors work? |
|
Definition
| Monoamineoxidase is the enzyme that breaks down Epi/NE, and so inhibiting it increases levels of these substances |
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