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| the nerve cell that transfers information within the body |
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| organ of the central nervous system where information is processed and integrated |
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| singular ganglion; a cluster of nerve cell bodies in a centralized nervous system |
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| an extension that transmits signals to other cells |
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| the junction where a neuron communicates with another cell across a narrow gap via a neurotransmitter or an electrical couplin |
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| chemical messengers that pass information fom the transmitting neuron to the receiving cell |
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| cells of the nervous system that support, regulate, and augment the functions of neurons |
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| transmit information about external stimuli such as light, touch, or smell, or internal conditions such as blood pressure or muscle tension |
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| form the local circuits connecting neurons in the brain |
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| transmit signals to the muscle cells, causing them to contract |
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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| the sensory and motor neurons that connect to the central nervous system; carry information into and out of the central nervous system |
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| the difference in electrical charge (voltage) across a cell's plasma membrane due to the differential distribution of ions. It affects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charged substances |
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| the membrane potential characteristic of a nonconducting excitable cell, with the inside of the cell more negative than the outside |
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| a transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively trasports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell |
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| a transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to diffuse across the membrane down its concentration or electrochemical gradient |
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| the magnitude of a cell's membrane voltage at equilibrium calculated using the Nernst equation |
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| ion channels that open or close in response to stimuli, altering the membrane's permeability to particular ions, which in turn alters the membranes potential |
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| a change in a cell's membrane potential such that inside the membrane becomes more negative relative to the outside. It reduces the chance that a neuron will transmit a nerve impulse |
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| a change in a cell's membrane poteential such that inside the membrane is made less negative relative to the outside |
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| voltage-gated ion channels |
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| ion channels in neurons where the opening and closing depends on when a membrane potential passes a particular level |
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| the potential that an excited cell membrane must reach for an action potential to be initiated |
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| the short time immediately after an action potential in which the neurons cannot respond to another stimulus, owing to the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channel |
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| wrapped around the axon of a neuron, and insulating coat of cell membranes from Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes |
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| a type of glia cell that forms insulating myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons in the central nervous system |
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| atype of glial cell that forms insulating myelin sheaths around the axon of neurons in the peripheral nervous system |
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| gap in the myelin sheath of certain axons where an action potential may be generated. |
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| rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of ranvier to another, skipping the myelin-sheathed regions of the membrane |
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| multiple membrane enclosed compartments |
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| the gap that seperates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell |
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| excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) |
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| an electrical charge (depolarization) in the membrane of a postsynaptic cell caused by binding of an excitory neurotransmitter from a presypnatic receptor makes it more likely for the postsynatic cell to generate an action potential |
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| inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) |
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| an electrical charrge (usually hyperpolarization)in the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron caused by the binding of an inhibitory neurontransmitter from a presynaptic cell to a postsypnatic receptor; makes it more difficult for a postsypnatic neuron to generate an action potential |
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| a phenomenon of neural integration in which the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell in the chemical synapse is determines by the combined effect EPSP's or IPSP produced in rapid succession. |
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| a phenomenon of neural integration in which the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell is determined by the combined effect of EPSP and IPSPs produced nearly stimultaneously by different synapses |
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| one of the most common neurotransmitters; functions by binding to receptors and altering the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to specific ions; either polorizing or hyperpolarizing the membrane |
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| one of the several animo acids that can act as a neurotrasmitter |
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| gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA) |
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| the neurotransmitter at most inhibitory synapses in the brain |
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| a neurotransmitter derived from an amino acid |
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| a catecholamine that os chemically and functionally similar to epinephrine and acts as a hormone or neurotransmitter; also called noradrenaline |
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| a hormone and a neurotransmitter |
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| a neurotransmitter that is a catecholamine, like epinephrinw and nonepinephrine ;are released at many sites of the brain and affect sleep, mood, attention, and learning |
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| a neurotransmitter, synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan, that functions in the central nervous system, are released at many sites of the brain and affect sleep, mood, attention, and learning |
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| a relative short chain of amino acids that serve as neurotransmitters |
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| any of several hormones produced in the brain and anterior petuitary that inhibit pain perception |
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| neuropeptide that is a key excitatory neurotransmitter thaat mediates our perception of pain |
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