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Details Title: Neurology Description: Unit 6 Total Flash Cards: 255 Created: 09/29/2006 18:59:48	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Cranial nerve(s) responsible for smell. Identify the number(s) and the name(s). Definition Cranial nerve I Olfactory Term Cranial nerve(s) responsible for facial movements and gustation. Identify the number(s) and the name(s). Definition Cranial nerve VII Facial Term Cranial nerve(s) responsible for shrugging shoulders and turning the head. Identify the number(s) and the name(s). Definition Cranial nerve XI Spinal accessory Term Cranial nerve responsible for hearing and balance. Identify the number(s) and the name(s). Definition Cranial nerve VIII Vestibulocochlear Term Cranial nerve(s) responsible for swallowing, elevation of the palate, gag reflex and gustation. Identify the number(s) and the name(s). Definition Cranial nerves IX Glossopharyngeal and cranial nerve X Vagus Term Cranial nerve(s) responsible for voice and speech. Identify the number(s) and the name(s). Definition Cranial nerves V Trigeminal, VII Facial, X Vagus, and XII Hypoglossal Term Cranial nerve(s) responsible for Visual acuity, visual fields and ocular fundi. Identify the number(s) and the name(s). Definition Cranial nerve II Optic Term Cranial nerve(s) responsible for movement and protrusion of tongue. Identify the number(s) and the name(s). Definition Cranial nerve XII Hypoglossal Term Cranial nerve(s) responsible for Facial sensation, movements of the jaw, and corneal reflexes. Identify the number(s) and the name(s). Definition Cranial nerve V Trigeminal Term Cranial nerve(s) responsible for pupillary reactions. Identify the number(s) and the name(s). Definition Cranial nerves II Optic and cranial nerve III Oculomotor. Term Cranial nerve(s) responsible for extra-ocular movements, including opening of the eyes. Identify the number(s) and the name(s). Definition Cranial nerves III Oculomotor, IV Trochlear and VI Vestibulocochlear. Term The clinical term for the inability to perform point-to-point movements due to over or under projecting of ones fingers. Definition Dysmetria Term Inability to recognize and interpret objects, people, sounds, or smells despite intact primary sense organs (e.g., inability to identify a sound despite intact hearing); typically results from damage to the occipital or parietal lobe Definition Agnosia Term Complete loss of voice. Definition Aphonia Term Impaired planning/sequencing of movement that is not due to weakness, sensory loss or incoordination. Although the movements cannot be performed for a specific situation, they may be performed under other circumstances (e.g., inability to lift feet off th Definition Apraxia Term Middle layer of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord Definition Arachnoid Term Inability to stand because of motor incoordination Definition Astasia Term Incoordination of movement usually due to disease of cerebellar or sensory pathways Definition Ataxia Term Loss of muscle tone Definition atonia Term Specialized system of capillary endothelial cells that strictly limits transport into the brain through both physical (tight junctions) and metabolic (enzymes) barriers Definition blood-brain barrier Term Slowed movement due to dysfunction of the basal ganglia and related structures Definition Bradykinesia Term Name the 3 portions of the brainstem. Definition medulla, pons, and midbrain Term Prominent sulcus on the dorsolateral aspect of the cerebral hemispheres formed by the precentral and postcentral gyri; defines the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes Definition Central sulcus Term Brain structure in posterior fossa that coordinates the many muscles active in any given movement; receives input from spinal cord and cerebral cortex and projects to postural and voluntary motor control systems and red nucleus Definition Cerebellum Term The shrinking of the brain or brain cells Definition Cerebral atrophy Term Highly convoluted layer of gray matter that constitutes the outermost layer of the cerebrum and is responsible for integrating sensory impulses and for higher intellectual functions Definition Cerebral cortex Term Symmetrical half of the cerebrum as separated by the sagittal sulcus and containing the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala Definition cerebral hemisphere Term Anterior portion of the brain consisting of the two cerebral hemispheres that each contain four lobes Definition Cerebrum Term The main arterial anastomatic trunk located at the base of the brain; place where the two internal carotid arteries and the basilar artery come together, allowing blood to be redistributed to the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries Definition Circle of Willis Term Spring-like resistance to passive extension at the elbow or flexion at the knee that increases up to a certain length and force before suddenly relaxing as the Golgi tendon organ is activated; sign of spasticity Definition “clasp knife” Term Ratchety movement due to superimposition of tremor on rigidity Definition Cogwheeling Term Referring to the cerebral cortex, the outermost layer of the cerebrum Definition Cortical Term Apparent lack of visual functioning in spite of anatomically and structurally intact eyes due to bilateral lesions of the primary visual cortex Definition Cortical blindness Term To cross Definition decussate Term Acquired and sustained loss of memory and other intellectual functions that is of sufficient severity to interfere with daily functioning Definition Dementia Term Destruction or loss of the myelin sheath surrounding axons; results in impaired nerve impulse conduction Definition Demyelination Term Receiving portion of the neuron Definition Dendrite Term Distribution of sensory innervation on the skin of the body and the limbs Definition Dermatome Term Outermost layer of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord; consists of a thick fibrous tissue that is adherent to the inner table of the skull and forms a protective sheath in the vertebral canal Definition Dura Term Inability to pronounce or articulate words due to disorders of the vocal apparatus (e.g., lips, tongue, larynx) Definition Dysarthria Term Impaired ability to perform rapid alternating movements (e.g., pronation/supination of hands); indicates cerebellar dysfunction. Definition Dysdiadochokinesia Term A writing disability that results in incorrectly spelled or written words Definition Dysgraphia Term Difficulty judging and controlling the speed, distance, or power of motor actions; tendency to over- or underestimate the extent of motion needed Damping mechanism is dysfunctional Definition Dysmetria Term Blanket term for movement disorders characterized by increased motor activity Definition Dyskinesia Term Difficulty in swallowing Definition Dysphagia Term Voice disorder, often related to weakness of laryngeal muscles, in which sound production is impaired Definition Dysphonia Term Sudden loss of neurological function caused by a blockage or rupture of a blood vessel to the brain or spinal cord; includes infarction and hemorrhage subtypes Definition stroke Term Actual space separating the pia and arachnoid that surround the brain and spinal cord; contains cerebrospinal fluid, arteries and veins, and filaments of arachnoid matter, giving it the appearance of a spider web Definition Subarachnoid space Term Bleeding in the subarachnoid space most commonly due to trauma or rupture of an aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation Definition Subarachnoid hemorrhage Term Portion of the brain immediately below the cerebral cortex; includes corona radiata, internal capsule, basal ganglia, and thalamus, among others Definition Subcortical Term Collection of blood in the subdural space following trauma to small bridging veins or in elderly patients with cerebral atrophy or those with clotting abnormalities Definition Subdural hemorrhage Term Potential space between the dura and arachnoid that can be filled with blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or pus Definition Subdural space Term Groove in the cerebral cortex separating two gyri Definition sulcus Term Large ovoid mass of gray matter in the dorsal aspect of the diencephalon that is located medial to the internal capsule and caudate and functions as a relay station between the cerebral cortex and the brainstem and spinal cord Definition Thalamus Term Convoluted ridge on the outer surface of the brain caused by infolding of the cerebral cortex and bound by sulci Definition Gyrus Term Weakness on one side of the body Definition Hemiparesis Term Paralysis on one side of the body Definition Hemiplegia Term Convoluted structure at the medial margin of the cortical mantle of the cerebral hemisphere, bordering the choroid fissure of the lateral ventricle, and forming part of the limbic system, which is concerned with memory and emotion Definition Hippocampus Term Cerebellum initiates voluntary movement. True or False Definition False. Cerebelum coordinates voluntary motion, but does not initiate movement. Term A lesion in the cerebellum ________ cause loss of movement. Definition Does Not, It causes loss of control. Term Damping or inhibitory signal is an action of the _____________. Definition Cerebellum Term Damage to the cerebellum leads to abnormal control of the ________ side of the body. Definition Ipsilateral Term Controls primitive emotions - fear and rage. Definition Limbic system Term Ability to recognize letters or numbers drawn on the finger or palm Definition Graphesthesia Term Part of the CNS consisting of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites Definition Gray matter Term Guillain-Barré Syndrome Definition An acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and Landry's ascending paralysis, is an inflammatory disorder of the peripheral nerves. Characterized by the rapid onset of weakness and, often, paralysis of the legs, arms, breathing muscles and face. Term Paralysis of a muscle group Definition Palsy Term Skin sensation, such as burning, prickling, itching, or tingling, with no apparent physical cause Definition Paresthesia Term Innermost layer of the meninges that is intimately applied to the surface of the brain parenchyma and spinal cord and separated from the arachnoid by the subarachnoid space Definition Pia Term Stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot with a blunt point from the heel forward, crossing the metatarsal pad from the small to the great toe Definition Babinski Term Middle aspect of the brainstem, lying between the midbrain rostrally and the medulla caudally Definition Pons Term Cortical region of the frontal lobe lying anterior to primary and premotor cortex; mediates various executive functions, with the dorsolateral division involved in working memory processes, planning, and decision making, and the ventromedial division invo Definition Prefrontal cortex Term Cortical region (Brodmann's area 6) in the posterior frontal lobe anterior to the primary motor cortex involved in planning or programming of voluntary movements Definition Premotor cortex Term Joint position sense Definition Proprioception Term Increased resistance throughout the range of motion when passively moving a body part due to co-contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles ("lead pipe") Definition Rigidity Term Discrete event due to sudden, transient, excessive neuronal discharges in the brain Definition Seizure Term Abnormal increase in muscle tone and reflexes, manifested as a velocity dependent spring-like resistance to moving or being moved; indicates an upper motor neuron lesion Definition spasticity Term Failure of bone fusion in the posterior midline of the vertebral column resulting in a bony cleft through which the meninges and varying quantities of spinal cord tissue protrude Definition Spina bifida Term Ability to recognize objects by touch Definition Stereognosis Term Typical distribution on the body where symptoms/signs of peripheral neuropathy are evident (toes to knee and fingers to wrist) Definition Stocking-glove Term Misalignment of the eyes that is either developmental (due to a miscalibration of the binocular vergence system in the cerebral cortex at some point in infancy or childhood) or acquired (due to a palsy of a cranial nerve or extraocular muscle) Definition Strabismus Term Part of the CNS that contains axons Definition White matter Term Impairment of language comprehension including impaired repetition due to lesion of the posterior left superior temporal gyrus (Brodmann area 22) Definition Fluent aphasia (Wernicke’s or receptive aphasia) Term Sense active stretch and via inhibitory inter-neurons inhibit the motor neurons to provide protection against hurtful contractile forces Definition Golgi tendon organs Term Reduction in the supply of oxygen to the brain or other vital organ Definition Hypoxia Term Occurring without known cause; in the context of epilepsy, indicates cases in which no lesion is found and a genetic cause is presumed Definition Idiopathic Term Cerebral cortex lying in the depths of the Sylvian fissure and involved in gustatory, visceral sensory, and emotional processing Definition Insula Term Spontaneous firing of an axon resulting in a visible twitch of all the muscle fibers it contacts; indicative of denervation Definition Fasciculation Term An involuntary tendency to take short accelerating steps in walking that can occur in Parkinson disease Definition festination Term Ability to recognize objects by touch Definition Stereognosis Term Cranial nerve XI Definition Spinal accessory or Accessory Term Craial nerve IX Definition Glossopharyngeal Term Cranial nerve VII Definition Facial Term Cranial nerve V Definition Trigeminal Term Cranial nerve III Definition Oculomotor Term Cranial nerve I Definition Olfactory Term Cranial nerve XII Definition Hypoglossal Term Cranial nerve X Definition Vagus Term Cranial nerve XIII Definition Acoustic or Vestibulocochlear Term Cranial nerve VI Definition Abducens Term Cranial nerve IV Definition Trochlear Term Cranial nerve II Definition Optic Term Birth defect in which the majority of the cerebral hemispheres and striatum are absent and replaced by sacs filled with cerebrospinal fluid; considered to be an extreme form of porencephaly Definition Hydranencephaly Term Literally "water on the brain;" increase in size of ventricles and amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain Definition Hydrocephalus Term Name the four lobes of the cerebral cortex. Definition Frontal lobe Parietal lobe, Temporal lobe, Occipital lobe. Term Name the four areas of the frontal lobe. Definition Prefrontal, Premotor, Primary motor, and Motor speech. Term Portion of the brain responsible for modulating our outlook on life and acts as a screen for information. Definition Prefrontal area of the frontal lobe. Term Portion of the brain responsible for controlling initiation, inhibition and mood. Definition Prefrontal area of the frontal lobe. Term Unable to take action. Won't take a bath, dress, or work without prompting. Definition Initiation (Prefrontal area) Term Unable to inhibit thoughts or actions. Inappropriate comments and actions. Definition Inhibition (Prefrontal area) Term Emotionally labile. Out bursts of spontaneous laughing or crying. Definition Mood (Prefrontal area) Term Normally screens out information so we can concentrate on a task. Difficulty or inability to set priorities; everything seems to be important. Definition Filter (Prefrontal area) Term Involuntary oscillattory movement occurs with voluntary motion of a limb. Turn on/Turn off mechanism is impaired. Definition Intension tremor Term Tremors of the eyeballs tha occur when attempting to fixate the eyes to the side. Rapid, back and forth movement of the eyes. Definition Cerebellar nystagmus. Term Loss of check reflex to halt forceful active movements. Turn on/Turn off mechanism is impaired. Definition Rebound phenomenon Term Decrease in muscle tone due to lack of cerebellar input. Definition Hypotonia Term Neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness (-asthenia) of voluntary muscles attached to bones Definition myasthenia gravis Term paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function) Definition palsy Term abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges Definition Brain tumors Term meningitis Definition inflammation of the meninges Term Congenital defect in the lumbar spinal colum caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts ( neural tube defect) Definition spina bidida Term degeneration of nerves in the basal ganglia occuring in the later life and leading to tremors weakness of muscles and slowness of movement Definition Parkinsons disease Term Brain disease and dementia occuring with AIDS Definition human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Term viral infection affecting peripheral nerves Definition herpes zoster Term chronic brain disorder chracterized by recurrent seizure activity Definition epilepsy Term hereditary nervous disorder caused by degenerative changes in the cerebrum and involving bizarre abrupt involuntary dancelike movements Definition huntington disease Term Disruption in the normal blood supply of the brain Definition cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Term bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurological defictis persist longer than 24 hours Definition cerebral contusion Term involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words. Definition tourette syndrome Term temporary brain dysfunction ( brief loss of consiousness) after injury usually clearing within 24 hours Definition cerebral concussion Term degenerative disease of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem; motor neuron disease Definition amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Term destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic * hard * tissue Definition multiple sclerois (MS) Term Brain disorder marked by gradual deterioration of mental capacity (dementia) beginning in middle age Definition Alzheimer disease ( AD ) Term Composed of two large bilateral masses, the cerebral hemispheres. Definition Cerebrum Term Has four lobes; frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. Definition Cerebral hemisphere Term Large structure inferior to the occipital lobe and posterior to the brain stem Definition Cerebellum Term Connects brain with spinal cord; midbrain, pons, medulla oblongota Definition Brain stem Term Work of the brain can be divided into three caegories. Name them. Definition Motor, sensory, and association Term The motor components serve what purposes? Definition Generate or modulate motor control. Term Sensory components perform which function? Definition Detects incoming sensory information. Term Association component performs which function. Definition Gives meaning or significance to the information. Term The largest most superficial part of the brain. Definition Cortex Term Band of white matter axons that connect the two hemispheres. Definition Corpus callosum Term Why is the surface of the cortex convoluted? Definition To increase the surface area of the cortex. Term The "hills" of the cortex are called ___ ? Definition Gyri (Multiple) or Gyrus (singular) Term The "valleys" of the cortex are called ___ ? Definition Sulci (multiple) or sulcus (singular) Term The deep valleys of the cortex are called ___ ? Definition Fissures Term Major ____ and _____ divide the cortex into lobes. Definition sulci and fissures Term Name the feature that runs sagitally and divides the cortex into right and left hemispheres. Definition The longitudinal fissure Term Name the feature that runs vertically and divides the cortex into frontal and parietal lobes. Definition The central sulcus. Term Name the feature that runs laterally and divides the cortex superiorly into frontal and parietal lobes, and inferiorly into temporal lobes.. Definition The fissure of Sylvius. Term Name the feature that runs vertically and divides the parietal and occipital lobes. Definition Parietal-occipital sulcus. Term The Motor Speech lobe is found in the ____ hemisphere of the frontal lobe. Definition Left Term The prefrontal area is located mostly ____ on the ____ lobe. Definition anterior, frontal Term Injury to the _____ area can cause a lack of initiation, inhibition, or inappropriate expression of mood. Definition Prefrontal Term Injury to the prefrontal area may affect all of these except? Mood, inhibition, filter of information, motor control, or initiation. Definition motor control Term The association area lies within the ____ of the ____ lobe. Definition premotor area, frontal Term The association area lies ______ to the prefrontal area. Definition posterior Term Which area of the cerebrum communicates with the primary motor area, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Definition Premotor area of the frontal lobe. Term If an injury to the __________ occured, the patient can still perform movements, but the timing may be off. Definition Premotor area of the frontal lobe Term Prefrontal area Definition Initiation, inhibition, mood, filter. Term Premotor area Definition association area, communicates with primary motor area, basal ganglia, and cerebellum; assist in learning skilled movements; timing. Term Injury to the ____ may cause loss of voluntary control; volitional motor control. Definition Primary motor area Term Put these in the right order from top to bottum within the cortex. wrist, foot, mouth, hip, hand, trunk Definition foot, hip, trunk, wrist, hand, mouth Term All of these are in the correct order except? Feet/ankles, knee, wrist, elbow, mouth Definition wrist is out of order Term The little upside down man in the brain is called a ________ . Definition homunculus Term The motor speech area of the frontal lobe is also known as ________ . Definition Broca's Area Term Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke Definition Damage to occipital & temporal lobes; hemianopsia, visual agnosia, cortical blindness; amnesia and memory loss. Term Vertebrobasilar Artery Stroke Definition Damage to brain stem & cerebellum; catastrophic; catastrophic quadriplegia & anarthria; locked-in syndrome. Full cognition, understanding, sight, sound, feeling, pain, etc. without motor control. High tone. Term Visual agnosia Definition See without recognition; lack of association. man thought his wife was a hat Term Hemianopsia Definition Partial visual loss of single orbit Term Homonopsia Definition Partial visual loss of dual orbits Term Cortical blindness Definition Blindness due to lack of cortex operation Term Blood brain barrier Definition Protects the nervous tissue from substances in the bloodstream. Cells that make up bllod vessels in the brain are tightly adhered to one another preventing substances from crossing. Substances that CAN cross-Water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, electrolytes, lipi-soluble substances, alcohol, hormones, glucose. Substances that CANNOT cross-Lage plasma proteins, large organic molecules, antibodies, antibiotics, bacteria, medications. Term The Internal carotid arteries arise from ____ and supplies the brain with incoming blood. Definition The Internal carotid arteries arise from _common carotid artery in the neck_ and supplies the brain with incoming blood. Term The anterior cerebral arteries runs to the anterior surface of the brain supplying blood to the _________ aspect of the frontal and parietal lobes. Definition The anterior cerebral arteries runs to the anterior surface of the brain supplying blood to the _MEDIAL_ aspect of the frontal and parietal lobes. Term Anterior cerebral artery stroke will cause damage to the medial aspect of the _______ and _______ lobes. Definition Anterior cerebral artery stroke will cause damage to the medial aspect of the _FRONTAL_ and _PARIETAL_ lobes. Term Anterior cerebral artery stroke will cause _______ hemiparesis to the ______ extremity. Definition Anterior cerebral artery stroke will cause _CONTRALATERAL_ hemiparesis to the _LOWER_ extremity. Term Middle cerebral artery stroke will cause damage to the lateral aspect of ________. Definition Middle cerebral artery stroke will cause damage to the lateral aspect of _ALL LOBES_. Term The most common site of stroke is the ____________, Definition The most common site of stroke is the _MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY_, Term The middle cerebral artery stroke is the most common site of stroke which affects the lateral aspect of all lobes and causes ____________, Definition The middle cerebral artery stroke is the most common site of stroke which affects the lateral aspect of all lobes and causes _CONTRALATERAL HEMIPARESIS OF THE FACE & UPPER EXTREMITIES (more than the lower extremities), HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPSIA; APHASIA (if left side CVA); PERCEPTUAL DEFICTS (if right side CVA)_, Term Cerbrovascular accidents (CVA) presents with similar symptoms regardless of which artery is involved. TRUE or FALSE? Definition FALSE The correct response is Cerbrovascular accidents (CVA) presents different symptoms depending on which artery is involved. Term An internal carotid stroke will block blood flow to __________ and may lead to comma and death due to massive damage. Definition An internal carotid stroke will block blood flow to _BOTH THE ANTERIOR & MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERIES_ and may lead to comma and death due to massive damage. Term Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the _____ and absorbed by the __________ into the venous system. Definition Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the _VENTRICLES_ and absorbed by the _ARACHNOID_ into the venous system. Term What is the clear fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord. Definition The clear fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Term What is the function of CSF? Definition The function of CSF is to cushion and protect the brain; transport nutrients, chemicals, & waste products. Term Describe the flow of CSF from production to absorption. Definition The flow of CSF from production in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles, then flows to the third ventricle, then to the fourth ventricle, then into the epidural space and the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord, then absorption into the arachnoid. Term Disruption of the normal circulation or absorption of CSF may lead to a condition called ___________. Definition Disruption of the normal circulation or absorption of CSF may lead to a condition called _HYDROCEPHALUS_. Term The normal ICP is ______ ? Definition The normal ICP is _10 mmHg_? (10 millimeter of mercury.) Term The treatment for increased ICP is to ____ the excess fluid by way of a _____. Definition The treatment for increased ICP is to _DRAIN_ the excess fluid by way of a _SHUNT_. Term Incomplete circulation of CSF through the spinal cord because of a blockage is indicative of _________ . Definition Incomplete circulation of CSF through the spinal cord because of a blockage is indicative of _SPINA BIFIDA_ . Term Disruption of the normal circulation or absorption of CSF is may cause ______ in infants, or _____ in adults. Definition Disruption of the normal circulation or absorption of CSF is may cause _THE HEAD TO ENLARGE AS SUTURES EXPAND_ in infants, or _CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRESSURE WILL DAMAGE THE BRAIN_ in adults. Term The brain does not store _____, The brain demands _____. The brain and neural tissue derive all _____ from the blood supply. Definition The brain does not store _GLUCOSE_, The brain demands _GLUCOSE_. The brain and neural tissue derive all _GLUCOSE_ from the blood supply. Term Identify the Component(s) and the Function(s) for Cranial Nerve I Olfactory Definition For Cranial nerve I Olfactory the Component is Afferent (Sensory) and the Function(s) is Olfaction (Smell) Term Identify the Component(s) and the Function(s) for Cranial Ner