Term
| pts with migraine headache may experience _ before the onset of pain |
|
Definition
| irritability, vision disturbances, nausea, parethesia |
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Term
| medications such as _ may help to control the vascular influences of migraine headache |
|
Definition
| beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers |
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|
Term
| to treat chronic migrianes in adults _ is used for those individuals with migraine headaches greater than 14 days of the month that last more than _ a day |
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Definition
| onabotulinumtoxin A (botox), 4 hours |
|
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Term
| botox injections to treat migrain are given every _ weeks to prevent migraine headaches before they start |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the patient with a concussion may have loss of consciousness lasting less than 5 minutes and may have a |
|
Definition
| headache, amnesia bout the event, nausea and vomiting |
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Term
| usually the result of tearing of the veins that drain the brain, allowing blood to accumulate in the space beneath the dura |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| three types of subdural hematomas |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| forms in the space between the inner suface of the skul and the outermost meningeal covering of the brain which is knonw as the dura |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| in general, epidural hematomas result from _ secondary to a laceration and tearing of the middle _ |
|
Definition
| laceration, meningeal artery |
|
|
Term
| organisms may reach the meninges through the blood via |
|
Definition
| head wounds or from other cranial structurs such as the sinuses or inner ear |
|
|
Term
| instruct the patient to avoid couging and not to hold his or her breath during turning because these behaviors increase |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| complications of encephalitis include |
|
Definition
| changes in LOC, increased ICP, cranial nerve palsies, motor and sensory changes, speech function |
|
|
Term
| the patient with encephalitis has symptoms directly r/t to |
|
Definition
| the area of the brain involved |
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|
Term
| guillain barre syndrome is also known as |
|
Definition
| acute inflammatory polyneuropathy |
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|
Term
| the greatest threat to patients with GBS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other types of parkinsonism are caused by |
|
Definition
| atherosclerosis, long term ue of phenothiazines |
|
|
Term
| major triad symptoms of parkinson syndrome |
|
Definition
| termor, rigidity, bradykinesia |
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|
Term
| a movment associated with tremor r/t to parkinson syndrom is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the tremor repetitively moves the individual's thumb against the fingertips as if rolling a small object |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| jerky movements with passive muscle stretching |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the most beneficial physical therapy programs for parkinsons disease incorporate |
|
Definition
| massage, heat, exercise, gait refraining |
|
|
Term
| in the early stage of parkinson disease dopamine receptor agonists _ are used to maximize the intrinsic dopamin |
|
Definition
| pramipexole (mirapex), ropinirole (requip) |
|
|
Term
| the cornerstone of therapy for parkinson disease is th euse of |
|
Definition
| L-dopa (l-dihydroxyphenylalanine) |
|
|
Term
| can conrss the blood brain barrier and is converted to dopamin in the basal ganglia, thereby supplementing levels of the neurotransmitter and rducing the symptoms of the disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the conversino of l-dopa to dopamine must occur in the _ and not in the peripheral tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to ensure the absorption of L-dopa when treating parkinson's disease, inhibitors are administered to prevent the breakdown of l-dopa by _ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the decarboxylase inhibitor most commonly used is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| carbidopa is frequently given in combination as |
|
Definition
| carbidopa/levodopa(sinemet) |
|
|
Term
| the enzyme _ also breaks down levadopa in the peripheral circulation |
|
Definition
| catechol-omethyltransferase |
|
|
Term
| blocks the breakdown of levodopa and prolongs the effectiveness of carbidopa/levodopa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a combination drug that provides maximum blocking in the peripehral ciculation and decreases the number of pills taken at one time |
|
Definition
| carbidopa/levodopa/entacapone(stalevo) |
|
|
Term
| because the benefits of _ tend to decline after about 2 years, various other drug combinations bay be used to control symptosm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| selegiline hydrochlorid (a moi inhibitor) is used with _ to also treat parkinson disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inc reases the available dopamin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anticholinergic drugs such as _ may be used in patients who have less sever symptoms or who are unresponsive to L-dopa |
|
Definition
| trihexyphenidyl(artane) and benztropine (cogentin) |
|
|
Term
| suggestions to improve moility with parkinson syndrome include the following |
|
Definition
| scoot to the edge of a chair before trying to stand, use satin sheets to make it easier to move in and out of bed, march in place before starting to walk, practice lifting the foot as if to step over an object on the floor to initiate walking |
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|
Term
| a chronic progressive degenerative disease that attacks the protective myelin sheath around axons and isrupts the conduction of impulses through the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MS becomes stable with no active disease for at least 1 year |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| most common symptoms of MS |
|
Definition
| fatigue, weakness, tingling in one ro more extremities, visual disturbances, problems with coordination, bowel and bladder dysfunction, spasticity and depression |
|
|
Term
| for patients who have excerbating remitting MS the progression is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| because of its chronic progressive nature, the treamtent of MS is |
|
Definition
| symptomatic and supportive |
|
|
Term
| drug therapy during periods of execerbation of MS may in o involve administration of |
|
Definition
| adrenocorticotropic hormones |
|
|
Term
| may be used to control exacerbations of MS but do not slow the progression of the disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an immune moduclator that is unrelated to interferon used to treate MS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immunosuppresssant dugs such as _ are also used for exacerbations |
|
Definition
| mitoxantrone(novantrone) and natalizumab(tysabri) |
|
|
Term
| used for acute exacerbation and relapses of MS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the spasticity nexperienced by MS patient may respond to treamtent with |
|
Definition
| baclofen(lioresal) or tizanindine(zanaflex) |
|
|
Term
| used to relieved neuropathic pain r/t MS |
|
Definition
| carbamazepine (tegretol) and gabapentin (neurontin) |
|
|
Term
| used to relieve fatigue associate with MS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| urinary retention r/t MS is treated with cholinergic drugs such as |
|
Definition
| bethanechol (urecholin) or neostigmine (prostigmine) |
|
|
Term
| urinary frequency and urgency resulting from spasticity of the bladder r/t MS cna be treated with anticholinergics such as |
|
Definition
| propantheline bromide (pro-banthine) or oxybutynin(ditropan) |
|
|
Term
| a comppetititve muscarinic receptro antagonists and si more specific for the bladder than oxybutynin, used to treat MS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| useful for urinary issues r/t to failure to stroe and empty urine r/t MS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eveidence of upper motor neuron disease includes r/t myeasthenia gravis |
|
Definition
| spasticity and hyperrreflexia |
|
|
Term
| lower motor neuron diseas produces R/T myasthenia gravis |
|
Definition
| weakness, atrophy, cramps and muscle twitching |
|
|
Term
| musles responsible for fine movements such as _ are often affected early in MYASTHENIA GRAVIS |
|
Definition
| eye, facial, hand muscles |
|
|
Term
| anticholinersterase drugs that increase the availabiltiy of acetylcholin at the neuromuscular junction, for myasthenia gravis |
|
Definition
| neostigmine and pyridostigmine (mestinon) |
|
|
Term
| the patient taking pyridostigmine must be monitored for overdose which is characterized by |
|
Definition
| GI discomfort, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of pyridostigmine |
|
Definition
| increased bronchial and oral secretions (dangerous for pt with dyspagia and resp involuntary involvement) cramping and muscle fasciculation |
|
|
Term
| cytotoxic therapies for pt unable to taper corticosteroid drugs |
|
Definition
| azathioprine and cyclosporine |
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|
