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Cells in your body contain a center, or nucleus, which contains 23 chromosome pairs.
Each chromosome is comprised of strands of DNA arranged in a double helix, made up of four repeating nucleotide units, or bases. |
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| cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine (C,G,A,T). |
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| attached to a phosphate and a sugar (deoxyribose), and binds (via a weak hydrogen link) to a complementary base on the other strand (C with G, and A with T). |
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| an organism’s complete set of DNA. |
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| the order of arrangement of the bases on each strand, e.g., ATCGTCAAT) provides instructions to the cell, telling it what proteins to make. |
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| To “read” the DNA, the strands unravel and a complementary strand of messenger and makes a duplicate of the DNA, leaves the cell nucleus and is read in the cell body by a ribosome. |
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| At the ribosome, every three nucleotide bases constitutes a single unit, |
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| provides instructions to the cell on which amino acid to construct and add to the chain. |
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| chain of amino acids, which evolves much as a beaded necklace does, adding amino acids one by one (like beads) as the ribosome reads off the mRNA sequence |
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| complete instructions for constructing a protein. |
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| strings of between 2 and 30 amino acids. |
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longer strings of amino acids, ranging up to several hundred amino acids long.
long strings of amino acids whose chemical properties cause the protein to fold into a specific three dimensional shape that helps determine its function. join into multi-protein complexes, or machines, such as those that make up the ribosomes, and the receptors in the dendrites of the cell. perform all the work of the cell.
Proteins behave in relation not only to their composition but also in relation to the behavior of proteins that surround them. |
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| complexes are thought to be composed of 12 distinct protein parts, and performs fundamental transportation tasks critical to the cell, converting chemical energy stored in an ATP molecule into mechanical energy that moves material through the cell along the slender filaments called microtubules. During cell division it also helps move chromosomes into proper position. |
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