Term
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Definition
| the brain and the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
cervical nerves 12 pairs spinal nerves 31 pairs |
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Term
| what are the 7 parts of the CNS from top down? |
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Definition
1) forebrain 2)Brainstem 3)Cervical nerves 4) thoracic nerves 5) lumbar nerves 6) sacral nerves 7) coccygeal nerves |
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Term
| what parts can the forebrain be divided into? |
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Definition
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Term
what are the parts of the brainstem? |
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Definition
midbrain pons cerebellum medulla |
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Term
| how can the brain be subdivided? |
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Definition
grey matter and white matter grey matter: the cortex of the brain ( outside) White matter: the medulla - made of nerve axons arranged in tracts |
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Term
| how can the spinal cord be aranged |
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Definition
grey and white matter grey matter: on the inside white matter: on the out side of the spinal cord ** reverse of the brain ** |
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Term
| why is the cell body important? |
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Definition
contains the nucleus contains many of the cell organelle major site of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
tapered branched contain organelles for protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
cylindrical few branches no organeeles for protein synthesis rich in cytoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| from less than 1 mm to more then 1 m in length |
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Term
| termainal branches of the axon |
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Definition
branched special organelles for synaptic transmission no organelles for protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| The nervous system, like all other physiological systems, is made up of independent cellular elements. |
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Term
| how did Golgi's methods help further neurobio? |
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Definition
1) it showed that the nervous system is made up of individual elements 2) showed that these cells have incredible diversity. |
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Term
| how does cell injection make neurons visable? |
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Definition
| the cells are injected with a fluorescent dye that cannot cross the membrane. this allows the shape branching and patterns to be visable |
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Term
what is GFP? how can it be effective? |
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Definition
Green flourecnt Protein a flourecent protein that is incorporated into DNA advantages: can obtain expressions in specific cell types by placing the GFP gene under control of the Cell-type specific promoter. can be used to image living cells |
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Term
| what is immunocytochemistry and how does it work? |
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Definition
used to identify the expression patterns of proteins as well as cell shape. -a primary antibody recognizes and binds to a specific sequence of amino acids (epitope) - a secondary antibody recognizes and binds to the primary antibody - the secondary antibody is tagged with a dye |
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Term
| how are concentration gradients established? |
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Definition
| ATPase pumps use energy to create a concentration grad. |
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Term
| what is the Nernst equation |
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Definition
| Ek = 58/z log([ion]out/[ion]in) |
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Term
| what creates membrane potential? |
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Definition
- ion concentration gradient - selective permeability of the membrane for particular ions |
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Term
| what does action potential amp. depend on? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to membrane potential when K+ or Cl- channels are opened? |
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Definition
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Term
| what will happen to membrane potential when Na+ or Ca2+ channels are opened? |
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Definition
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Term
| what disease do the fainting goats have? |
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Definition
myotonia congenita due to decreasing cl- conductance in muscle fibers and multiple action potentials mutation in skeletal muscle chloride channels (CLC-1) gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Vm = 58 log((Pk[k]out + Pna[Na]out + Pcl [Cl]in)/(Pk[K]in + Pna [Na]out + Pcl[cl]out)) |
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Term
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Definition
current = conductance X driving force I = G (V - Eequil) G = 1/resistance when: V > Eequil I is + Current flows out of cell V = Eequil I is zero no net current flows V < Eequil I is - Current flows into the cell |
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Term
| Tetraethylammonium (TEA+) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
ability of a membrane to carry current conductance is proportional to the number of open channels G = 1/R G = current / driving force G = I / (V-Eequil) |
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Term
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Definition
| rapidly open in responce to depolarization |
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Term
| Na+ inactivation gate (h) |
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Definition
| slowly closes in responce to depolerization |
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Term
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Definition
| slowly opens in responce to depolariztion |
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Term
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Definition
the first segment of the axon it is unmyelinated initiates the AP voltage gated Na+ and K+ channel |
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Term
| how can you make a AP travel faster? |
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Definition
make the axon bigger insulate the axon |
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Term
| what is the difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells? |
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Definition
/schwann cells operate in the PNS and only wrap singlke segments of axons -Oligodendrocytes operate in the CNS and wrap multiple segments of axons |
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Term
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Definition
absence of cl- channels cause less stable resting potential multiple AP's cause muscle tension |
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Term
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HyperPP) &
paramyotonia congenita |
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Definition
| defect due to overactive NA+ channels |
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Term
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Definition
Overactive Na channels or block of HERG K channels
can cause cardiac arrhythmia |
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