Term
| 1. Autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
| Large part of the peripheral nervous system; Controls viseral functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, salivation, perspiration; Typically divided into two subsystems: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
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| 2. Enteric nervous system |
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Definition
| Directly controls the gastrointestinal nervous system; deals with controlling bowl motivity/ peristalsis/ absorption of nutrients/ digestion of enzymes |
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Definition
| Provides motor/sensory innervation to face through cranial nerves; Contains the medulla, pons and midbrain; Medulla and pons control respiration, blood circulation, etc.; midbrain- has auditory and visual components; also, conduction--all information from body to cerebrum/cerebellum and vice versa must travel through the brainstem; |
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Definition
| voluntary muscle movement, balance, equilibrium and muscle tone |
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Definition
| Relays sensory and motor signals to cortex |
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Definition
| Controls unconscious drive; controls hunger, body temperature, thirst, fatigue, circadian rhythms |
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Definition
| Controls executive functions/ decision making/ correct social behavior/ personality (Note: xecutive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social "control" (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes) |
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Definition
| Contains the primary visual cortex |
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Definition
| Contains the somasensory cortex (that controls sensory neurons relating to touch/temperature/etc.) |
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Definition
| Contains the auditory cortex |
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Definition
| Involved in speech production |
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Term
| 12. What different functions are served by lumbar vs. cervical spinal cord? |
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Definition
lumbar: helps us walk
cervical: sends motor neurons to arms and diaphragm |
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Term
| 13. What types of axons run in the dorsal and ventral roots? |
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Definition
dorsal: sensory axons
ventral: motor axons |
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Term
| 14. What are two ways in which the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are similar? |
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Definition
| Both have pre-ganglionic fibers; Both are similar in organization/ both control unconscious functions/ both do continuous adjustments |
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Term
| 15. What is the “fight or flight” response and what part of the nervous system orchestrates it? |
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Definition
| Orchestrated by the sympathetic nervous system; designed to help us flee danger; includes heart rate going faster, blood pressure increasing, pupils dilating, and digestion slowing down |
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Term
| 16. What is the “rest and digest” response and what part of the nervous system orchestrates it? |
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Definition
| Controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system; coordinated autonomic response; designed to help us digest and store energy |
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Term
| 17. List and briefly define three major steps in the evolution of the central nervous system. |
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Definition
1. centralization
2. segmentation
3. Cephalization |
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Term
| 18. Name three primary cortical sensory areas, and note their locations on a simple sketch of cortex. |
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Definition
1. somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)
2. visual cortex (occipital lobe)
3. auditory cortex (temporal lobe) |
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Term
| 19. Contrast the ways in which Karl Lashley and Wilder Penfield showed localization of function in the cerebral cortex? Why did they come to different conclusions? |
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Definition
| Karl Lashley took different parts of brains from rats; found that rats only got dumber; proposed law of equipotentiality and mass action; Penfield used humans and fine, local stimulation; proposed the homunculus; Both used different test subjects/ Lashley took out various parts of brain at a time while Penfield used fine, local stimulation |
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| 20. Name and briefly describe a method for finding the function a particular brain area serves that is newer and more powerful than those of Lashley and Penfield. |
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Definition
| f MRI: able to see activation in specific brain areas in response to different stimuli; one limitation to the use of fMRI is that we can only narrow down respective areas to thousands of neurons (resolution is not perfect) |
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