Term
| DeRiemer; Brain Development; |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the gene for mesencephalon development? |
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Definition
-Pax 2/5
-She describes it as setting the Mes/Met boundary, but it looks like Mes is simply missing without |
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Term
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Definition
-It means "smooth brain"
-The giri and sulci fail to develop
-Can be caused by environmental factors in utero |
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Term
| What is at the forefront of growing axons? |
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Definition
| -Growth cones, which have lots of actin at the tip, backed by microtubules |
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Term
| What are tropic and trophic factors? |
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Definition
-Tropic factors; guide axons
-Trophic factors; support survival and growth once they arrive |
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Term
| Give four neurotrophins and their receptors? Give an example of a tissue using this signal? |
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Definition
-NGF; TrkA [Free nerve ending]
-BDNF; TrkB [Merkel disk-->mechanoreceptors]
-NT-3; Trk C (some A&B) [Muscle spindle]
-NT-4/5; TrkB [Hair follicle]
-Stand for; Nerve growth factor, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Neurotrophin, & Receptor tyrosine kinase |
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Term
| What happens when we have problems with NGF, BDNF, Insulin-like GF1, and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)? |
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Definition
-NGF; Alzheimer's disease
-BDNF; OCD, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Biopolar disorder
-IGF; Growth retardation, microcephaly, deafness, etc.
-GDNF; Hirschsprung's megacolon
-Also, I think problems with NT-4/5 has been associated with either downs or maybe autism (was on test... but not in notes haha) |
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Term
| Ogunkua; Cells of Nervous System |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Stabilize microtubules and are abundant in axons of neurons in the CNS, and are less common elsewhere
-When tau proteins are defective, and no longer stabilize microtubules properly, they can result in dementias such as Alzheimer's disease |
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Term
| What are the five neuron types of the cortex and their shape? |
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Definition
1. Pyramidal; pyramidal
2. Stellate; short vertical axon with lots of short dendrites
3. Cells of Martinotti; axon runs towards surface and bifurcates
4. Fusiform cells; spindle and orthogonal to surface
5. Horizontal cells of Cajal; same, but parallel |
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Term
| What cells are in the layers of the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
I. Axons and dendrites (plexiform layer)
II. *Small pyramidal and stellate (outer granular layer)
III. Pyramidal (pyramidal cell layer)
IV. Dense stellate (inner granular layer)
V. Large pyramidal (ganglionic layer)
VI. All types (multiform cell layer) |
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Term
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Definition
| -It is basically a dense tangle of unmylinated axons and dendrites with very little cell bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| -Tracts that cross the midline of the brain |
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Term
Define the following nerve ending types, give locations, give alternate names, and appearance;
-Free nerve ending
-Meissner's corpuscles
-Pacinian Corpuscles
-Ruffini Corpuscles
-Krause End Bulbs |
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Definition
Free Nerve ending; general sensory (temp, touch, pain)
-Associated with Merkel cells
-Found in dermo-epidermal layer
Meissner's corpuscles; light touch
-AKA tactile
-Found in *dermal papillae immediately beneath epidermis (stain darkly with heavy metal)
Pacinian Corpuscles; pressure and course touch
-AKA Lamellar
-Found in deeper layers of skin, through joints & ligaments, and is some mesentery and viscera
-Look like cut onions (surrounded by Schwann cells)
Ruffini Corpuscles; stretch (esp. soles of feet)
-AKA bulbous
Krause End Bulbs; thermoreceptor (*conjunctiva, oropharynx)
-AKA bulboid corp. |
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Term
| What are exteroreceptors and interoceptors? |
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Definition
-Extero. respond to stimuli from outside
-Intero. respond to stimuli from inside (viscera) |
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Term
| Stupid DeRiemer; Brain structures; |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the other name for the lateral fissure? If you pull it open, what do you see? |
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Definition
-Sylvan fissure (separates out the temporal lobe)
-If you pull it open, you find that the temporal lobe covers the *insula/insular cortex |
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Term
| When you are looking at a sagittal section straight through the middle of the brain, what are the major sulci? |
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Definition
-The *calcarine sulcus is horizontal on the side of the occipital lobe
-The *parieto-occipital sulcus is starts in the same place, but runs more vertically and separates the two lobes
-The *cingulate sulcus runs outside the corpus callosum and separates out the *cingulate gyrus |
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Term
| What does the limbic system control? Where is it? |
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Definition
-Emotion, motivation, affective behavior, cognition, and memory
-It interconnects phylogenetically ancient structures
-It is largely composed of the cingulate gyrus, and continues down to the hippocampus
http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/physnet/anatomynet/anatomy/image27.jpg |
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Term
| Look at slides 33-35 & 46 and compare to page 4 of neuronetter, and make sure to know how to pick out all the deep brain structures and the organization of the basal ganglia. |
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Definition
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Term
| What comprises the basal ganglia? What are the ways we can organize it? |
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Definition
-The caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
-The *lentiform nucleus groups together the putamen and globus pallidis (bulb)
-The *striatum groups the putamen and the caudate nucleus (somewhat continuous) |
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Term
| Give some functions of left vs. right hemispheres? |
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Definition
Dominant (left usually);
-Language
-Skilled motor
-Analytical (math, music etc.)
-Following written directions/instructions
Nondominant (usually right);
-Prosody (emotion conveyed by tone of voice)
-Visual-spatial analysis
-Musical and artistic ability
-Sense of direction by spatial orientation |
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Term
| What connects the temporal lobes? |
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Definition
-The anterior commissure
-All the other parts of the hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum |
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Term
| What does the fornix contain fibers from? |
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Definition
| -The hippocampus and the anterior commissure? |
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Term
| What are the three parts of the internal capsule and what arteries supply them? |
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Definition
-Anterior limb; anterior cerebral
-Genu; middle cerebral
-Posterior limb; anterior choroidal |
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Term
| What happens when the genu is damaged? What do we get with bilateral anterior limb damage? |
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Definition
-Contralateral facial paralysis
-Frontal lobe syndrome |
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Term
| What do the thalamus and hypothalamus do? What is right beside them? |
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Definition
-Thalamus relays information to and from cerebral cortex, acting as a gated relay; important in *sleep/consciousness
-The hypothalamus controls autonomic NS
-Next to the 3rd ventricle |
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Term
| What are the subnuclei of the thalmus? |
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Definition
Medial nuclear group (mediodorsal nucleus)
Anterior nuclear group
Lateral nuclear group
-on top; LD, LP
-under; VA, VL, VPL, VPM
-at the back; pulvinar
-on underside of pulvinar; LGN, MGN (G for geniculate)
-See slide 65-67 for nice pics |
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Term
| What are the four main vessels to supply the basal ganglia and thalamus? |
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Definition
1. Anterior cerebral; just the front of the striatum (putamen and caudate nucleus
2. Middle cerebral; middle portion of basal ganglia (including the rest of the putamen, and half the globus pallidus)
3. Anterior choroidal (from branch point of carotid); tail of caudate and back half of globus pallidus
4. Posterior cerebral; most of thalamus |
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Term
| What are the Brodmann's numbers for post & precentral gyri, for visual, for auditory, and for speech? |
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Definition
-Precentral gyrus (sensory); 1,2,3
-Postcentral gyrus (motor); 4 (& 6)
-*Visual cortex; 17,18, 19
-Auditory; 41
-Speech; 44 |
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Term
| What are the four functional units the cortex can be divided into? |
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Definition
-The primary sensory and motor cortexes
-Unimodal associate cortex (premotor, primary somatosensory association, and visual association cortexes)
-Multi/heteromodal association cortex (pre-frontal, lateral parietal and temporal association cortex)
-Limbic cortex
-See slide 77* (on exam) |
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Term
| What is the syndrome when a patient only draws one half of a clock etc.? |
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Definition
-Contralateral neglect syndrome
-Disturbance of the patient's ability to respond to stimuli on the side of the body opposite (contralateral) to the side of brain lesion
-Often behave as though the left side of their world does not exist and they often fail to appreciate that they have a problem
-associated with large lesions of the right posterior parietal lobe |
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Term
| What does the temporal lobe receive? |
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Definition
-Taste, hearing, and smell
-Also for expressed behavior |
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Term
| What does the frontal lobe do? |
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Definition
-Memory
-Attention and concentration
-Learning
-Planning
-Social intelligence
-Affect and emotional expression |
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Term
| What simple test can demonstrate frontal lobe lesions? |
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Definition
-Wisconsin card sorting task
-Have to sort by color, shape, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
-Note; skipping over brain stem sections and ID cuz her's suck some serious dick
-Wait to do it in kaplan |
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Term
| What are the three deep cerebellar nuclei? How is it connected to the brainstem? |
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Definition
-Dentate, interposed, and fastigial nuclei (from lat. to med.)
-Has superior, medial, and inferior peduncles |
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Term
| How do signals get to and from the cerebellar cortex? |
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Definition
-Middle (from pons) and inferior (from *spinal cord, inferior olive, and vestibular nucleus) peduncles go to it
-The superior peduncle is going away (to thalamus, then to motor cortexes) |
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Term
| Look at slides 19-21 for dopamine, serotonin, and NE signaling in the brainstem. |
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Definition
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