Term
| Stages of Neural development |
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Definition
Dorsal Induction
Ventral Induction
Neural Proliferation
Migration
Organization
Myelination |
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Term
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Definition
Rimary Neuraliation - neural plate forms into neural tube, with front as brain and back as spinal cord
Secondary Neuralation - tube is finished |
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Term
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Definition
Anterior neural tube does not close
Baby has no brain
(Dorsal Induction) |
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Term
| Myelomeningocele (Spina Bifida) |
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Definition
Posterior of neural tube not closed
Brain normal, spinal cord messed up
(Dorsal Induction) |
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Term
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Definition
Formation of brain via splits
Splits at hemispheres, eyes, and brainstem
5-6 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
Brain doesn't divide into spheres
Kid is cyclops and dies soon
(Ventral Induction) |
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Term
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Definition
2-4 months
Development of brain mass by cell division, starts near ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
Form too few cells, small head size
(Neural Proliferation) |
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Term
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Definition
Forming too many cells
enlarged heads, MR
Neural Proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
3-5 months
Glial cells help neurons form columns to create structure of brain |
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Term
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Definition
Migration
big cut in brain |
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Term
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Definition
Migration
flat brain (no sulci or gyri), usually just in one area
some intellectual disfunction |
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Term
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Definition
Migration
Big gyri, but too few |
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Term
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Definition
Migration
Too many little gyri |
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Term
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Definition
Migration
neurons don't migrate completely, leads to pockets of neurons and spaces elsewhere
may be basis for learning disorders |
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Term
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Definition
6mo - several years
sensory stimulation helps neurons form properly
selective cell death |
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Term
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Definition
Organization
poor organization of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
Organization
abnormal number of axons and dendrites |
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Term
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Definition
birth to mid 30s
develop myelin over axons
more basic functions get myelinated first, complicated ones later |
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Term
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Definition
blinking/sucking
Moro response present (baby pulls in limbs when dropped suddenly)
Positive Babinksi (spread toes when move finger up foot) |
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Term
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Definition
supports head
vowel sounds
large range of arm and leg movement |
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Term
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Definition
turns head to sound, rolls over
controls grasping mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
babbling
knows family vs. strangers
Landau maneuver - hold head above horizontal plane when held horizontal
Moro and Babinski are gone |
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Term
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Definition
Creeps/crawls
mama/dada
pinches |
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Term
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Definition
stands alone
tries to feed self
single words |
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Term
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Definition
walks independently
several word vocab
points |
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Term
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Definition
6-20 words
feeds self
can name common objects |
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Term
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Definition
2-3 word sentences, 50-200 words
climbs stairs
Organized play |
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Term
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Definition
Knows name, refers to self as I
knows colors/animals |
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Term
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Definition
talks constantly
simple games
200-400 words |
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Term
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Definition
hops and skips
fully toilet trained
ng sound |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Age divisions in recovering from TBI |
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Definition
<1 year - bad
1-5 years - good
5+ - bad |
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Term
| Process of function recovery |
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Definition
after injury, brain picks up representation of lost function with other part of brain
can cause crowding - area that picks up the lost function suffers it's natural function area |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Based on LEFT hemisphere pathology
Want to move from receptive to expressive in testing for it |
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Term
| hierarchy of language understanding |
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Definition
phonemes - parts of words
morphemes - larger parts of words
lexicon - knowledge of words
syntax - grammatically correct
pragmatics - using words in right settings |
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Term
| 4 types of reading disorders |
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Definition
Phonologically-based
Visually-based
Mixed
Deep |
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Term
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Definition
inability to process sound-symbol relationships
LEFT posterior temporal lobe SMALLER or EQUAL than RIGHT |
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Term
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Definition
Angular gyrus
visual system prob, can't read
15% of RD kids |
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Term
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Definition
both phonologic and visual-based
10-12% |
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Term
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Definition
| Read words as semantically similar but different words (daddy instead of father) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
disorder of RIGHT hemishpere
Strong verbal processing and memory, word recognition
deficits in visual-spatial, executive, snesory/motor functions
VIQ>PIQ |
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Term
| Arithmetic errors in NVLD |
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Definition
spatial organization - misaligning numbers in columns
visual detail - misreading something written on problem, most common
procedural errors - missed or added step
perseveration - keep adding even if calls for subtracting
graphomotor - bad handwriting
memory - forgetting number basics |
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Term
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Definition
severe and pervasive impariments in:
reciprocal social interaction skills
Communication skills
Presence of stereotyped behavior, interests, and activities |
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Term
| Neurological findings of Autism |
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Definition
atrophy of cerebellum
lower activation of fronto-parietal regions, neostriatum, and thalamus
poor interconnectedness of brain |
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Term
| Neuropsychological findings of Autism |
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Definition
70% MR
PIQ>VIQ
motor, learning, memory, probl solving, set shifting all low |
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Term
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Definition
LOVAS - behavioral reconditioning
TEACEH - taking where person is know and building skills
Greenspan - floor time |
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Term
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Definition
Lack of inhibition makes child inattentive
RAS stimulated, frontal lobe fils to inhibit, activation of RIGHT hemisphere and straiatal pathway |
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Term
| Definition of Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
| variety of motor disorders after lesions at any level of motor control except those secondary to MR, caused by progressive diseases |
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Term
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Definition
pyramidal - spastic
extrapyramidal - rigid, athetoid, or ataxic
Mixed |
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Term
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Definition
Premature birth - best predictor
birth asphyxia
low birth weight
Others |
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Term
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Definition
1 - motor vehicle accidents
2 - falls (1 for older and younger pops) |
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Term
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Definition
Coup - damage in brain where was hit
Coutrecoup - damage on opposite side of where it, where rebounded against skull |
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Term
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Definition
Damage to specific area
better recovery outcomes when small and not in brainstem |
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Term
| DAI - Diffuse Axonal Injury |
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Definition
| widespread shearing of axons in cerebral hemispheres, nurons eventually die over time, get anoxia, mainly caused by cardiac arrest |
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Term
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Definition
13-15 - no coma
9-12 - moderate
3-8 - severe |
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Term
| Loss of consciousness and outcomes |
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Definition
<30 min - mild
30min-1day - moderate
>1 day - severe |
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Term
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Definition
goal is to return to premorbid levels of activity
two forms - working around injury, exercising brain to heal it
Regeneration - damaged neurons regrown connections to area were previously attached to
Sprouting - nerve fibers grow to communicate with neurons attached to dead cells
Denervation supersensitivity - increased sensitivity to neurotrns
Disinhibition of compensatory zones - other areas pick up funtions impaired during damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Using physical mechanisms to compensate for loss of functions (calendars for orientation) |
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Term
| Normal declines in function due to age |
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Definition
reaction time (Digit Symbol Coding)
Reasoning skills
Spatial orientation
divided attention |
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Term
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Definition
| development of multiple cognitive deficits (including memory impairment) due to direct physiological effects of a genderal medical condition, persisting effects of a substance, or multiple etiologies (one must be memory, others can be language, visual-spatial, executive functioning) |
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Term
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Definition
inability to form new memories
can remember stuff immediately, but not 30 min after |
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Term
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Definition
early - short term memory loss, disorientation
middle - smantic naming deficits, get lost, fall
late - can't take care of self, lose more and more past stuff |
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Term
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Definition
Hippocampal impairment - get neuritic plaques build up in neurons, neurofibrillary tangles
cell atrophy - brain shrinks, ventriclas enlarge
Lack of Acetylcholine |
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Term
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Definition
Genetic risk
Chomosomes 1, 14, and 21
APOE E4 allele
more intelligent dement later |
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Term
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Definition
Aricept (and other drugs) - ACh esterase inhibitor (allows Ach to stay in system longer)
Vitamin E
Therapy, behavioral changes |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive deficits resulting from multitude of vascular probs including ischemic (blockage of vessel), hemmoragic (excessive bleedout), and hypoxic (lack of O2 in brain) |
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Term
| Presentation of VD patients |
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Definition
usually more lateralized that AD (one side worse than other)
Memory retention is ok, but encoding, learning, and retrieval is bad
Oriented
literal paraphasic errors (sound substitution errors, not meaning errors) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells die due to lack of oxygen and thus break down |
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Term
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Definition
Heart condition
HBP
Diabetes
African American |
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Term
| Cause of Korsakoff's Syndrome |
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Definition
| prolonged B1 deficiency due to malnutrition (generally b/c alcohol abuse) |
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Term
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Definition
onset of KS
extreme B1 deficiency
acute confusion, motor problems, can get coma and death |
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Term
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Definition
| small hemorrhages in diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus, basal forebrain) |
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Term
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Definition
Anterograde amnesia - can't form new memory
Retrograde amnesia - loss of remote memory
Confabulation - make up stories about stuff they can't remember |
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Term
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Definition
| infectious agent that contains no nucleic acids, just protiens |
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Term
| Criteria of virus classifications |
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Definition
Nucleic acid constituents (DNA or RNA)
Presence of membrane envelope
Type of host infected |
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Term
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Definition
HSV1 - nongential, 90% of encephalitis cases
HSV2 - genital, not in brain
HSV3 - chicken pox
HSV4 - Epstien-Barr virus, physiological brain damage
HSV5 - Cytomegalovirus
HSV6 - doesn't affect humans |
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Term
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Definition
peaks between 5-30 and over 50
travels through olfactory and trigeminal nerves
causes necrosis, edema (swelling), hemorrhage
prefers FRONTAL and TEMPORAL lobes
leaves COWDRY A bodies in neurons
fever, rapid deterioration, coma and maybe death
treat with Acyclovir |
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Term
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Definition
almost all are exposed to it in utero, some can't handle it
Neuropsych - MR, seizures, may be subclinical, difficult to distinguish from HIV dementia in adults
Neuroanatomy - periventricular calcifications, Cowdry A bodies, hydrocephalus, microcephaly |
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Term
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Definition
slowness in information processing speed
difficulty learning
depression
motor slowness
variable - may feel good one day and bad next |
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Term
| HIV dementia neuroanatomy |
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Definition
reduction in white matter, basal ganglia, and posterior cortex volume
brainstem ventricular enlargement |
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Term
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Definition
Mad Cow
slow virus - stays dormant for long time
prions
dementia is rapid and fatal
widespread cellular loss, brain looks like sponge |
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Term
| Primary and secondary tumors |
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Definition
primary - start in brain
secondary - start in either breast, lung, colon, goes to brain |
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Term
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Definition
| most common primary tumors occur in glial cells (supporting cells), called gliomas |
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Term
| How primary tumors can hurt |
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Definition
cause mass effect and force brain to herniate
suck aall the blood/oxygen away from brain
radiation treatment effects neuro functioning
can block CSF, get hydrocephalus
necrosis occurs around tumor cells |
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Term
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Definition
generally in clumps around brain
lose function in specific brain areas |
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Term
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Definition
| transient disturbance in cerebral function due to neuronal discharge |
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Term
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Definition
genetic
TBI damage
medications
medical condition |
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Term
| Classification of seizures |
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Definition
focal - begin in one place, may spread
complex partial - originates in temporal lobe, get change in feelings, automatic behaviors, or posture changes
generalized - bilateral, can be grand mal or petit mal
status elipticus - constant seizures |
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Term
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Definition
demyelination of nerves of CNS
transmission of signals is reduced, nerve cells eventually die
onset b/w 20-40
unclear of what causes it |
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Term
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Definition
relapsing/remitting - go through cycles, but over time get worse
progressive - lisions develop and don't remit, progression is quicker |
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Term
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Definition
sensory/motor problems
impaired vision
alteration of mood
parastheias - alteration of sensation |
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Term
| Genetics of schizophrenia |
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Definition
identical twins have a 48% chance of having schiz if other twin has it
one twin might not receive enough nutrients from mom, or get a virus blocked by other twin, lead to "weak brain" |
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Term
| Histological studies on schizophrenia |
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Definition
schiz is disruption in 2nd trimester
failure of cells to migrate to different areas of brain
hippocampus reduced
limbic system volume reduced |
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Term
| Neurobiology of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
Increased ventrical size
smaller brain weight
enlarged cortical sulci and fissures
hypofunctionality of frontal lobes (dorsal lateral) - inability to plan
hyperfunctionality of temporal lobe (left) - hallucinations
thicker corpus collosum
Increase in D2 receptor sensitivity (tx with antipsychotics) |
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Term
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Definition
frontal lobe dysfunction - inability to plan, avolition, inattention, may have right hand deficits
temporal lobe dysfunction - reduced verbal retention rates, semantic storing problems, PIQ>VIQ (maybe)
cognitive disorder present at onset - not progressive in nature |
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Term
| Neuroscience of depression |
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Definition
Associated with left frontal lobe and left caudate nucleus dysfunction
left frontal CVA or tumor also show depression |
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Term
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Definition
Meds for abnormal NE, DA, 5HT
ECT - rarely used, |
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Term
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Definition
problems with:
divided attention
selective attention
abstract reasoning
inability to monitor internal emotions
reaction time
long-term memory retrieval |
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Term
| biological changes in EDs |
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Definition
decrease in DA, NE
changes in 5HT
hypercortisolism - involved in dpression
hypersecretion of vasopressin
reduction in oxytoxin |
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Term
| Genetic basis for Alcoholism |
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Definition
| Chomosome 11 - risk gene (linked to other psych problems too), affects number of D2 receptors |
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Term
| Cognitive deficits kids with alcoholic parents may have |
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Definition
Visual-spatial deficits
Reduced attention
Lower VIQ scores
hyperactive/difficult
Executive function probs |
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Term
| Neuropathology of Conduct disorder |
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Definition
frontal lobes and left hemisphere
neurochemical dysfunction rather than early lesion
reduced P300 event-related electrical potential over frontal region of brain
don't learn from punishment as much
people who are more left handed have more aggressive behaviors
correlation with ADHD - poor activation of frontal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
Lower IQ
inverse relationship b/w IQ and aggressive behaviors
Worse on Information, Vocab, and Arithmetic, do BETTER on picture completion, object assembly, and block design
executive dysfunction |
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Term
| Purpose of neurpsych assessment |
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Definition
| describe patient's brain-behavior relationships |
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Term
| Outcomes of Neuropsych testing |
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Definition
diagnosis
treatment planning
treatment evaluation
research questions
forensic |
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Term
| Functional areas covered in neuropsych test battery |
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Definition
orientation
attention/concentration
learning/memory
language
visual-spatial
executive functioning
intellectual functioning
sensory
motor
personality/emotional |
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Term
| strengths of process apprach |
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Definition
more quantitative and qualitative data
training aspect allows you to plan interventions (more ecological validity)
more clinically-oriented
eliminates clinically-worthless tests
flexibility with clientele |
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Term
| weaknesses of process approach |
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Definition
deviating from standardization
assuming tests are equally difficult for each patient
tests aren't validated against each other |
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Term
| strengths of fixed battery approach |
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Definition
research and data supporting them
tests are reliably related to each other
Easy to train and administer, give cookbook reports
gives indicies of functioning with research background |
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Term
| weaknesses of fixed battery approach |
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Definition
lack of fluidity
no help approach
long and doesn't cover everything
not good for low level people
some administrators don't know research behind tests |
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