Term
| What cells are responsible for degrading myelin during nerve damage? |
|
Definition
Schwann cells first
then Macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What is axonal degeneration and wallerian degeneration and what are the complications of repair? |
|
Definition
Axonal: Dying back of axon with chromatolysis
Wallerian: Degeneration of the axon distal to the transection in the axon leaving empty myelin ovoids
Complications: Repair generates larger motor units, Fiber type grouping |
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Term
| What is segmental demyelination and what are some effects of remyelination |
|
Definition
Selective loss of individual myelin internodes while axon is preserved
Effects: shorter internodes causing slower conduction, Cyclic remyelination causes Onion bulb formation |
|
|
Term
| How fast does a typical axonal grow during repair |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common pattern of peripheral neuropathy and what are the general characteristics |
|
Definition
Polyneuropathy
Presentation: Symmetrical, Longest nerves affected(Glove and Stocking) |
|
|
Term
| What is a characteristic disease for each of the patterns of peripheral Neuropathy |
|
Definition
Polyneuropathy: Diabetes
Mononeuropathy: Vasculitis
Mononeuropathy Multiplex: Vasculitis from CT or autoimmune disease |
|
|
Term
| What are the diagnostic tools used for Neuropathy? |
|
Definition
EMG: Conduction Velocity, Patterns of Muscle Discharge
Biopsy: Sural or Radial Nerves |
|
|
Term
| What is a complication of improper healing of Traumatic Neuropathies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the microscopic appearance of Diabetic neuropathy? |
|
Definition
Loss of small myelinated fibers
Thinning of the myelin coat |
|
|
Term
| What are some signs of Guillain Barre Syndrome |
|
Definition
Viral Prodrome followed by acute/subacute weakness
Distal-> Proximal Gradient
High Protein CSF w/o cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathology and repair of Guillain Barre Syndrome |
|
Definition
Diffuse Segmental Demyelination
Repair: Segmental Remyelination |
|
|
Term
| What are the microscopic signs of muscle atrophy from denervation |
|
Definition
Fiber type grouping
Shunken Angulated Myocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of duchenne's muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
Calf Pseudohypertrophy
Elevated Creatine Kinase
Gower's Sign- Standing up using mostly extremities |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of duchenne's muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
| X-linked mutation in the dystrophin gene |
|
|
Term
| How is dermatomyositis and myositis diagnosed and treated |
|
Definition
Diagnosis: Mononuclear infiltrate on biopsy
Treatment: Immunosuppression |
|
|
Term
| Do you see fiber type grouping in duchenne's muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major etiologies of congenital Myopathies? |
|
Definition
Storage Diseases(Lipid, Glycogen)
Mitochondrial Diseases |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical age of onset for myasthenia gravis? |
|
Definition
20 for Female
Late Adult for Males |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of Lambert-Eaton Syndrome and what is a common cause? |
|
Definition
Autoanti-bodies to the presynaptic Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel
Cause: Paraneoplastic syndrome from small cell lung cancer |
|
|
Term
| How does trichinosis of muscle present and how does it appear pathologically |
|
Definition
Presentation: Acute muscle pain, Swelling
Pathology: Encysted parasite with lymphs/Eosinos
|
|
|
Term
| Is Polymyositis-Dermatomyositis more common in children or adults and what type of malignancy is associated it associated with? |
|
Definition
More commonly affects children
Adult forms are associated with Visceral malignancy |
|
|
Term
| What tumor are patients with myasthenian Gravis More likely to develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What aspect of the neuron does diabetic neuropathy typically affect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substances are stained to differentiate slow twitch and fast twitch muscles |
|
Definition
NADH: Predominate in Slow twitch
ATP: Predominate in Fast Twitch |
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