Term
| What are the five main steps necessary to transmit information in the nervous system? |
|
Definition
1) Sensory receptor
2) Sensory input
3) Integration
4) Motor output
5) Effector |
|
|
Term
| What are the three major classes of neurons in the nervous system? |
|
Definition
1) Sensory neurons
2) Interneurons
3) Motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ convey information about the external and internal environments from sensory receptors to the CNS; most synapse with interneurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are sensory neurons? |
|
Definition
| 1) Neurons which convey information about the external and internal environments from sensory receptors to the CNS |
|
|
Term
| __________ integrate sensory input and motor input; they are located within the CNS and synapse only with other neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Neurons located within the CNS which integrate sensory input and motor input and synapse only with out neurons |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ convey impulses from the CNS to effector cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Neurons that convey impulses from the CNS to effector cells |
|
|
Term
| Which neurons often synapse with interneurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurons synapse ONLY with other neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurons convey impulses to effector cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Information flows in the nervous system from __________ __________ to __________ to __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Sensory neuron
2) Interneuron
3) Motor neuron |
|
|
Term
| What are the general functions of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
1) Information processing: learning and memory
2) Intracellular communication in neural circuits
3) Neuronal integration
4) Perception
5) Storage
6) Planning
7) Thought processes and conscious awareness
8) Learning
9) Emotion and motivation |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is the conduction of signals from sensory receptors to integration centers of the nervous system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Conduction of signals from sensory receptors to integration centers of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| __________ is a process by which information from sensory receptors is interpreted and associated with appropriate responses of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) A process by which information from sensory receptors is interpreted and associated with appropriate responses of the body |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is the conduction of signals from the processing center to effector cells (muscle and gland cells) that actually carry out the body's response to stimuli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) The conduction of signals from the processing center to effector cells (muscle and gland cells) that actually carry out the body's response to stimuli |
|
|
Term
| In humans __________ constitutes a set of behaviors and plays a role in processing and storage of information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major divisions of the CNS? The PNS? |
|
Definition
1) The CNS is divided into the brain and spinal cord
2) The PNS is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems; the autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
When a stimulus (input) is directed toward the nervous system:
-The __________ conducts action potentials from the periphery
-The __________ processes and integrates the information, initiating a response and mental activity
-The __________ motor division then conducts action potentials to the periphery
-The __________ and __________ nervous systems then receive responses
-__________, __________, and __________ muscle as well as glands provide an output. |
|
Definition
1) PNS
2) CNS
3) PNS
4) Somatic and autonomic
5) Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
|
|
Term
| The CNS consists of the __________ and __________ __________; in addition, there are about __________ __________ neurons in the brain (number) |
|
Definition
1) Brain
2) Spinal cord
3) 100 billion |
|
|
Term
| The CNS enables you to perform what five functions? |
|
Definition
1) Subconsciously regulate your internal environment by neural means
2) Experience emotions
3) Voluntarily control your movements
4) Be consciously aware of your own body and surroundings
5) Engage in other higher cognitive processes such as though and memory |
|
|
Term
| The __________ is the center of integration and control. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The __________ is found outside the brain and spinal cord, and consists of:
-__________ spinal nerves
-__________ cranial nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the spinal and cranial nerves located? What is the primary function of the spinal nerves? Of the cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
1) PNS
2) The spinal nerves carry information to and from the spinal cord
3) The cranial nerves carry information to and from the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is the autonomic nervous system (ANS) found? What are the divisions of the ANS? |
|
Definition
1) In the PNS
2) The sympathetic and parasympathetic division |
|
|
Term
| The __________ division of the ANS is responsible for rest-and-digest; the __________ division of the ANS is responsible for fight-or-flight |
|
Definition
1) Parasympathetic
2) Sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary role of the sympathetic nervous system? Of the parasympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
1) The sympathetic nervous system manages fight-or-flight response
2) parasympathetic nervous system manages rest-and-digest response |
|
|
Term
| Where is the somatic nervous system (SNS) found? What are the divisions of the SNS? |
|
Definition
1) In the PNS
2) There are sensory and motor divisions of the SNS |
|
|
Term
| What is the somatic nervous system widely noted for? |
|
Definition
| 1) Control of the five senses: seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching |
|
|
Term
| The somatic nervous system manage __________ __________ which control __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Motor neurons
2) Skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are responsible for __________ and __________ muscle, in addition to __________ and some __________ glands. |
|
Definition
1) Smooth
2) Cardiac
3) Exocrine
3) Endocrine |
|
|
Term
| The enteric nervous system is responsible for the regulation of __________ organs and is controlled by the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three primary division of the brain? |
|
Definition
1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain |
|
|
Term
The forebrain is divided into the __________ and __________ __________ areas.
The midbrain is divided into the __________ and __________.
The hindbrain is divided into the __________, __________, and __________. |
|
Definition
1) Cortex
2) Sub-cortical
3) Tectum
4) Tegmentum
5) Cerebellum
6) Pons
7) Medulla |
|
|
Term
| What are the five major subdivisions of the brain? Where is each division located? |
|
Definition
1) Telencephalon (forebrain)
2) Diencephalon (forebrain)
3) Mesencephalon (midbrain)
4) Metencephalon (hindbrain)
5) Myelencephalon (hindbrain) |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ comprises the study of hormones, their receptors, intracellular signaling, pathways they invoke, and the disease and conditions associated with them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the seven aspects regulated by the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
1) Growth
2) Water balance
3) Reproduction
4) Metabolism
5) Glucose and glucose levels
6) Response to stress |
|
|
Term
| Growth is regulated by means of the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water balance is regulated by means of the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reproduction is regulated by means of the __________, __________, and __________. |
|
Definition
1) Pituitary
2) Testes
3) Ovaries |
|
|
Term
| Metabolism is regulated by means of the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium and glucose levels are regulated by means of the __________, __________, and __________. |
|
Definition
1) Thyroid
2) Parathyroids
3) Pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Responses to stress are regulated by means of the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
1) Maintenance of the internal environment
2) Integration and regulation of growth and development
3) Along with ANS, control and integrate both circulation and digestion and absorption of food
3) Regulate organic metabolism and H20 and electrolyte balance
4) Induce adaptive changes to help body cope with stressful situations
5) Promote smooth, sequential growth and development
6) Regulate red blood cell production
7) Control reproduction, including gametogenesis, coitus, fertilization, fetal growth, and development and nourishment of the newborn |
|
|
Term
The endocrine system consists of __________ endocrine glands scattered throughout the body.
Glands secrete hormones which travel through blood to __________ __________.
-__________ __________ have receptors for binding with specific hormone
-__________ or __________ particular function |
|
Definition
1) Ductless
2) Target cells
3) Target cells
4) Regulates
5) Directs |
|
|
Term
| What are the two hormone of the endocrine system categories based on solubility? What hormones are they responsible for? |
|
Definition
1) Hydrophilic
-Peptide hromones
-Catecholamines
2) Lipophilic
-Steroid hormones
-Thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| The __________ is at the base of the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ lies outside the brain just beneath the hypothalamus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ and __________ together secrete a large number of hormones that control |
|
Definition
1) Hypothalamus
2) Pituitary |
|
|
Term
| The pituitary is sometimes called the __________ __________ __________ because of its central role in controlling diverse endocrine systems |
|
Definition
| 1) Master endocrine gland |
|
|
Term
| What are the divisions of the hypophysiotropic areas of the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
1) Rostral hypothalamus
2) Medial basal hypothalamus
3) Median eminence |
|
|
Term
| What are the divisions of the rostral hypothalamus? Of the medial basal hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
1A) Preoptic area
1B) Paraventricular nucleus
1C) Supraoptic nucleus
2A) Arucate nucles |
|
|
Term
| What are the division of the pituitary gland? How are they further subdivided? |
|
Definition
1) Adenohypophysis
1A) Anterior lobe = pars distalis + pars tuberalis
1B) Intermediate lobe = pars intermedia
2) Neurohypophysis
2A) Posterior lobe = pars nervosa |
|
|
Term
| The __________ is a small gland located in the bony cavity just below the hypothalamus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hypophysis is a thin stalk that connects the __________ __________ to the __________. |
|
Definition
1) Pituitary gland
2) Hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| The __________ __________ consists of __________ anatomically and functionally distinct lobes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The posterior pituitary (__________) is composed of __________ tissue while the anterior pituitary (__________) consists of __________ __________ tissue. |
|
Definition
1) Neurohypophysis
2) Nervous
3) Adenohypophysis
4) Glandular epithelial |
|
|
Term
The hypothalamus secretes __________ and __________-__________ hormones into the capillaries of the __________ __________.
These hypothalamic __________ hormones are transported to the anterior pituitary through the __________-__________ __________ __________.
In the __________ __________, hypothalamic releasing or release-inhibiting hormones alter the secretion of __________ __________ __________ hormones. |
|
Definition
1) Releasing
2) Release-inhibiting
3) Median eminence
4) Tropic
5) Hypothalamo-pituitary portal vein
6) Anterior pitutiary
7) Anterior pituitary tropic |
|
|
Term
| A __________ hormone controls the secretion of another hormone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hormones:
-Known since __________ times
-Secreted by cells into the bloodstream (not always by a __________).
-Transported to __________ organs
-Effective at very __________ concentrations
-Bind to __________ to initiate cellular mechanisms of action
-Must be of __________ duration
-Some are __________, others are __________ as necessary |
|
Definition
1) Ancient
2) Gland
3) Distant
4) Low
5) Receptors
6) Limited
7) Stored
8) Manufactured |
|
|
Term
| __________ hormones regulate hormone secretion by another endocrine gland. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ hormones stimulate and maintain their endocrine target tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four groups hormones are characterized into? |
|
Definition
1) Peptides and proteins (most common)
2) Amino acid derivatives
3) Steroids
4) Eicosanoids |
|
|
Term
| The concentration of hormone as seen by target cells is determined by what five factors? |
|
Definition
1) The hormone rate of production and secretion
2) The rate of metabolic activation or conversion
3) Transport (delivery)
4) Inactivation (degradation)
5) Excretion (elimination) |
|
|
Term
| __________ is the study of hormones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways in which hormones act on their target cells? |
|
Definition
1) By controlling the rates of enzymatic reactions
2) By controlling the transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes
3) By controlling gene expression and the synthesis of proteins |
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are those of the pancreas, thyroid, adrenal glands, pituitary; all which are discrete but can be surgically removed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A __________ is a chemical secreted by a cell or group of cells into the blood for transport to a distant target where it exerts its effect at very low concentrations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four ways hormones are secreted? |
|
Definition
1) Glands
2) Isolated endocrine cells
3) Neurohormones (neurons)
4) Cytokines (cells of the immune system) |
|
|
Term
| __________ is the movement of a substance from inside a cell to the extracellular fluid or directly into the external environment; they are most frequently secreted into the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ are specialized ectohormones that act on other organisms of the same species to elicit a physiological or behavioral response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ are a large group of substances that influence cell growth and division. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones exert their effects in very low __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What six tropic hormones are released by the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
1) Dopamine (antagonist of oxytocin)
2) TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
3) CRH (corticotropin-releashing hormone)
4) Somatostatin (SS) or growth-hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
5) GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone)
6) GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
1) Oxytocin
2) Vasopressin (ADH) |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
1) Prolactin
2) Growth hormone (somatotropin)
3) ACTH (corticotropin)
4) TSH (thyrotropin)
5) FSH
6) LH |
|
|
Term
| What hormone are secreted by the thyroid gland? |
|
Definition
1) Triiodothyronin and thyroxine
2) Calcitonin |
|
|
Term
| What hormone are secreted by the parathyroid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone are secreted by the thymus gland? |
|
Definition
1) Thymosin
2) Thymopoietin |
|
|
Term
| What hormone are secreted by the heart? |
|
Definition
| 1) Atrial natriuretic peptide |
|
|
Term
| What hormone are secreted by the liver? |
|
Definition
1) Angiotensinogen
2) IGFs |
|
|
Term
| What hormone are secreted by the stomach and small intestine? |
|
Definition
1) Gastrin
2) Cholecystokinin
3) Secretin |
|
|
Term
| What hormone are secreted by the pancreas? |
|
Definition
1) Insulin
2) Glucagon
3) Somatostatin
4) Pancreatic polypeptide |
|
|
Term
| What hormone are secreted by the adrenal cortex? |
|
Definition
1) Aldosterone
2) Cortisol
3) Androgens |
|
|
Term
| What hormone are secreted by the adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
1) Epinephrine
2) Norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| What hormone are secreted by the kidney? |
|
Definition
1) Erythropoietin
2) 1,25 Dihydroxy-vitamin D3 |
|
|
Term
| What hormone are secreted by the skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone are secreted by the testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone are secreted by the ovaries? |
|
Definition
1) Estrogen
2) Progesterone
3) Inhibin
4) Relaxin |
|
|
Term
| What hormone are secreted by the adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
1) Leptin
2) Adiponectin
3) Resistin |
|
|
Term
| What hormone are secreted by the placenta? |
|
Definition
1) Estrogen
2) Progesterone
3) Chorionic somatomammotropin
4) Chorionic gonadotropin |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of the melatonin? |
|
Definition
1) Circadian rhythms
2) Immune function
3) Antioxidant |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of the tropic hormones? |
|
Definition
| 1) Release or inhibit pituitary hormones |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of prolactin? |
|
Definition
1) Milk ejection
2) Labor and delivery
3) Behavior |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of ADH (vasopressin)? |
|
Definition
| 1) Water reabsorption in the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of prolactin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of growth hormone (somatotropin)? |
|
Definition
| 1) Growth factor secretions |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of ACTH (corticotropin)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of TSH (thyrotropin)? |
|
Definition
| 1) Thyroid hormone synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of FSH? |
|
Definition
1) Egg or sperm production
2) Sex hormone production |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of LH? |
|
Definition
1) Sex hormone production
2) Egg or sperm production |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)? |
|
Definition
| 1) Metabolism, growth, and development |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of calcitonin? |
|
Definition
| 1) Plasma calcium levels (vestigial in humans) |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of parathyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
| 1) Regulates plasma Ca2+ and phosphate levels |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of thymosin and thymopoietin? |
|
Definition
| 1) Lymphocyte development |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of atrial natriuretic peptide? |
|
Definition
| 1) Increase Na+ excretion |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of angiotensinogen? |
|
Definition
1) Aldosterone secretion
2) Increases blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of IGFs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of gastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin? |
|
Definition
| 1) Assist digestion and absorption of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide? |
|
Definition
| 1) Metabolism of glucose and other nutrients |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of aldosterone? |
|
Definition
| 1) Na+ and K+ homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of cortisol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of androgens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine? |
|
Definition
| 1) Flight-or-fight response |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of erythroprotein? |
|
Definition
| 1) Red blood cell production |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of 1,25 Dihydroxy-vitamin D3? |
|
Definition
| 1) Increases calcium absorption |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of Vitamin D3? |
|
Definition
| 1) Precursor of 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D3 |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of androgens? |
|
Definition
1) Sperm production
2) Secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of inhibin? |
|
Definition
| 1) Inhibits FSH secretion |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of estrogen and progesterone? |
|
Definition
1) Egg production
2) Secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of relaxin (pregnancy)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of leptin, adiponectin, resistin? |
|
Definition
1) Food intake
2) Metabolism
3) Reproduction |
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of chorionic somatomammotropin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main effects of chorionic gonadotropin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormones are amino-acid derived? |
|
Definition
1) Melatonin
2) T3 and T4
3) Epinephrine
4) Norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are steroid derived? |
|
Definition
1) Aldosterone
2) Cortisol
3) Androens
4) Vitamin D3
5) Estrogen
6) Progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What are the six steps in the processing of a hormone? |
|
Definition
1) Messenger RNA on the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids
2) Enzymes in the ER chop off the signal sequence creating an inactive prohormone
3) The prohormone passes from the ER through the Golgi complex
4) Secretory vesicles containing enzymes and prohormone bud off the Golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more active peptides plus additional peptide fragments
5) The secretory vesicle releases its contents by exocytosis into the extracellular space
6) The hormone moves into the circulation for transport to its target |
|
|
Term
| __________ hormones are water soluble and therefore generally dissolve easily in the ECF for transport throughout the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since peptide hormones are __________, they are usually unable to enter the target cell and must bind to surface membrane receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unlike peptide hormones, which are made from tissues all over the body, __________ hormones are made in only a few organs, such as the __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Steroid
2) Adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
| Cells that secrete peptide hormones have large amount of __________ ER; those that secrete steroid hormones have large amounts of __________ ER. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steroids are __________ and diffuse easily across membranes, both out of their parent cell and into their target cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone types are made in advance? which are synthesized on demand? |
|
Definition
In Advance:
1) Peptide
2) Catecholamines
3) Thyroid hormones
On Demand:
1) Steroid |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone types are released from the parent cell by exocytosis? By simple diffusion? |
|
Definition
Exocytosis:
1) Peptide
2) Catecholamines
Simple Diffusion:
1) Steroid
2) Thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone types are transported in the blood by being dissolved in plasma? Which are bound to carrier proteins? |
|
Definition
Dissolved in plasma:
1) Peptide
2) Catecholamines
Bound to carrier proteins
1) Steroids
2) Thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone types have receptors on the cell membrane? Within the nucleus? |
|
Definition
Cell membrane:
1) Peptide
2) Catecholamines
Nucleus:
1) Steroids
2) Thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| Steroid hormones are not very soluble in __________ and other bodily fluids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five steps for the binding of steroid hormones? |
|
Definition
1) Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell
2) Steroid hormone receptors are in the cytoplasm or nucleus
3) The receptor-hormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes
4) Activated genes create new mRNA that moves back to the cytoplasm
5) Translation produces new proteins for cell processes |
|
|
Term
| The best studied steroid hormone receptors are found within the cells; either the __________ or in the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steroid hormones act as __________ __________ in DNA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pineal gland hormone melatonin is derived from __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Catecholamines (produced in the __________ __________) and thyroid hormones (produced in the __________ gland) are derived from __________. |
|
Definition
1) Adrenal medulla
2) Thyroid gland
3) Tryosine |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones go directly from the hypothalamus to the pituitary through a special set of blood vessels known as the __________-__________ __________ __________. |
|
Definition
| 1) Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system |
|
|
Term
| Where are the three portal systems in the body? |
|
Definition
1) Kidneys
2) Digestive system
3) Brain |
|
|
Term
| The __________ is often called the master gland of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is a hormone that in both sexes plays a role in the regulation of the immune system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ __________ is a hormone that also stimulates hormone production of the liver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In __________ a hormone is secreted in excessive amounts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of hormone deficiency occur when too little hormone is secreted (___________). |
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Definition
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Term
| If a pathology arises in the last endocrine gland in a reflex, the problem is considered a __________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| If dysfunction occurs in one of the tissues producing trophic hormones, the problem is a __________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What three steroid hormones is the adrenal cortex responsible for secreting? |
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Definition
1) Aldosterone (zona glomerulosa)
2) Sex hormones (zona reticularis)
3) Glucocorticoids, like cortisol (zona fasciculata) |
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Term
| __________ is the main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. |
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Definition
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Term
| All steroid hormones begin with __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The control pathway for cortisol secretion is known as the __________-__________ __________ pathway. |
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Definition
| 1) Hypothalamic-pituitary gland pathway |
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Term
| The most important metabolic effect of cortisol is its protective effect against __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the six main effects of cortisol? |
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Definition
1) Promotes glucogenesis in the live
2) Degrades skeletal muscle proteins to provide a substrate for glucogenesis
3) Enhances lipolysis
4) Suppresses the immune system
5) Causes negative calcium balance
6) Influences brain function (mood changes, memory, and learning alterations) |
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Term
| __________ suppresses the immune system by preventing cytokine release and antibody production by white blood cells; also inhibits inflammatory response by decreasing leukocyte mobility and migration. |
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Definition
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Term
| The main function of __________ __________ in adults is to provide substrates for oxidative metabolism. |
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Definition
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Term
| In children, __________ __________ are necessary for full expression of growth hormone. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four main effects of hyperthyroidism? |
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Definition
1) Increases oxygen consumption and metabolic heat production
2) Increases protein catabolism and may cause muscle weakness
3) Hyperexcitable reflexes and physiological disturbances
4) Influence B-adrenergic receptors in the heart, causing trachycardia |
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Term
| What are the four main effects of hypothyroidism? |
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Definition
1) Slow metabolic rate and oxygen consumption
2) Decreases protein synthesis, causing brittle nails, thinning hair, and dry, thin, skin
3) Slowed reflexes, speech, and thought processes
4) Bradycardia |
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Term
| Without __________, the thyroid gland cannot make thyroid hormones. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ are responsible for cartilage growth. |
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Definition
| 1) Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) |
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Term
| Adults with excessive secretion of GH develop __________, characterized by the lengthening of the jaw, coarsening of facial features, and growth of hands and feet. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is a peptide whose main function is to increase plasma Ca2+ concentrations. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main effects of PTH? |
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Definition
1) Mobilizes calcium from bone
2) Enhances renal reabsorption of calcium
3) Indirectly increases intestinal absorption of calcium |
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