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NEU Psych & the Law Spring 2011 Ch 5
These flashcards go over all review material at the end of the chapter
40
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/17/2011

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Cards

Term
What is absolute justice?
Definition

Absolute justice is an eyewitnesses's process of deciding, when looking at a sequential lineup, whether any of the people shown in the lineup match the perpetrator

Term
What is archival analysis?
Definition

Archival analysis is a method of data collection that involves examination of previously-decided issues and cases

Term
Whats is autobiographical memory?
Definition

Autobiographic memory is the memory that one has from one's own life experiences

Term
What is a cognitive interview?
Definition

A cognitive interview is a procedure used to assist victims to recall aspects of a crime or other traumatic event

Term
What is confirmation bias?
Definition

Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for information that confirms one's suspicions

Term
What is the confrontation clause?
Definition

The confrontation clause is the part of the 6th amendment that guarentees defendants the right to confront their accusors

Term
What is content analysis?
Definition

Content analysis is the scientific analysis of the content of a conversation or discussion

Term
What is dissociation?
Definition

Dissociation is the act of a person "escaping" from a taurmatic events by detaching him or herself from it

Term
What are double-blind testing procedures?
Definition

Double-blind testing procedures are experimental procedures in which both the participant and the experimenter are unaware of the particular conditions being tested

Term
What is ecological validity?
Definition

Ecological validity states that the methods, materials and setting of the study must approximate the real-life phenomena being investigates

Term
What is encoding?
Definition

Encoding is the process of enterign a perception into memory

Term
What is an estimator variable?
Definition

Estimator variables are the factors that are beyond the control of the justice system and whose impact on the reliability of the eyewitness system can only be estimated

Term
What is experimental methodology?
Definition

Experimental methodology is the rule of thumb that when testing a new independant variable, the other variable be controlled in some manner to prevent false results

Term
What is experimenter bias?
Definition

Experimenter bias is an experimenter's influence on the results of a research study

Term
What is ground truth?
Definition

Ground truth is a clear-cut criterion of accuracy

Term
What are in-group/out-group differences?
Definition

In-group/out-group differences is when an in group shares a common identity and sense of belonging while the out-group lacks these traits. Eyewitness identification is easier within the same in-group

Term
What is interviewer bias?
Definition

Interviewer bias is the bias that is sometimes exhibited by an interviewer who has some knowledge or preconceived ideas about the topic in question

Term
What are opened-ended question in regards to the interviewing and questioning of those involved in the legal system?
Definition

Open-ended questions are types of questions that do not specify or restrict the answers to be given; rather, the respondents are being prompted to suggest their own ideas or thoughts for answers

Term
What is the other-race effect?
Definition

The other-race effect is the tendency of people to less-accurately recognize the faces of people of another race

Term
What is a photographic lineup?
Definition

A photographic lineup is a display of photographs of potential suspects that police often ask an eyewitness to examine to identify a suspect

Term
What is a photospread?
Definition

 A photospread is a display of photographs of potential suspects that polcie often ask an eyewitness to examine to identify a suspect

Term
What is a postdiction variable?
Definition

A postdiction variable is a variable that does not directly affect the reliability of identification but is rather a measure of some process that correlates with reliability

Term
What is postevent information?
Definition

Postevent information are the details about an events to which an eyewitness is exposed after the event has occurred

Term
What is relative judgment?
Definition

Relative judgment is an eyewitness's process of deciding, when looking at a simultaneous lineup, which of the people shown in the lineup looks most like the perpetrator

Term
What is repression?
Definition

Repression is the removal of certain unpleasant thoughts or memories into the unconscious

Term
What is retention interval?
Definition
Retention interval is the period of time between viewing an event and being questioned about it
Term
What is retrieval?
Definition

Retrieval is the process in which a memory is returned to a conscious state

Term
What is sequential presentation?
Definition

Sequential presentation is a lineup presentation in which the choices are shown one at a time

Term
What is simultaneous presentation?
Definition

Simultaneous presentation is a lineup presentation in which all choices are shown at the same time

Term
What is social influence?
Definition

Social influence is the influence of other people and the social context on behavior

Term
What is source confusion?
Definition

Source confusion is the confusion about the origin of a memory

Term
What is storage in the context of memory?
Definition

Storage is the phase of the memory process reffering to the retention of informaiton

Term
What are suggestive questions?
Definition

Suggestive questions are questions which lead the respondent to either frame their answers one way or deceive their memory and give potentially misconstrued accounts of events that occurred

Term
What is a system variable?
Definition

A system variable is, in eyewitness identifications, a variable whose impact on an identification can be controlled by criminal justice system officials. Examples include the way that a lineup is presented and the way that a witness is questioned

Term
What is unconscious transferance?
Definition

Unconscious transferance is the generation of a memory that is based on the recall of several past occurrences so that an innocent person may be confused with an offender

Term
What is the weapon focus effect?
Definition

The weapon focus effect occurs when confronted by an armed person, the victim's tendency to focus attention on the weapon and fails to notice other stimuli

Term
What psychological factors contribute to the risk fo mistaken identifications in the legal system?
Definition

Eyewitnesses can be framed by suggestive questioning and can affected by the weapon focus effect. Encoding, storage and retrieval are all points in the memory process in which memories can be forgotten or misconstrued. Estimator variables, system variables and postduction variables can also affect memory

Term
How do jurors evaluate the testimony of eyewitnesses and can psychologists help jurors understand the potential problems of eyewitnesses?
Definition

Jurors tend to rely too heavily on testimony from eyewitnesses. Some judges therefore permit testimony from professional psychologists as to the potential problems with eyewitnesses while some judges will issue a cautionary statement to jurors

Term
Can children accurately report on their experiences of victimization? What factors affect the accuracy of their reports?
Definition
Suggestive questioning is the most troublesome issue in the questioning of children. Children tend to blend real experiences and memories with fantasies and elaboration. Open-ended questions result in much more accurate reports
Term
Can memories from trauma be repressed and if so, can these memories be recovered accurately?
Definition

Memories of trauma are sometimes repressed and later recalled but people can, in fact, create memories from experiences and blend them together. Things like suggestive questioning can lead to such false memories and can potentially lead to lawsuits by therapists who used such practices

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