Authoritarianism is a set of beliefs and characteristics that includes submissiveness to authorities, demands for obedience from subordinates, intolerance of minorities and other outgroups and endorsement of the use of power and punishment to ensure conformity to conventional norms

The belief in a just world is the belief that the world is orderly, predictable and just and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

The black sheep effect is the tendency to be more punitive toward those members of one's group who violate the norms of the group

Challenges for cause occur when individuals are interviewed during any jury selection. If the judge agrees that there is a justification for the attorney's claim of bias, a juror may be excused for cause. In addition, a judge may excuse a prospective juror for cause without a request to do so from either attorney

Cognizable groups are groups of people, usually defined by demographic characteristics such as race and gender

The five factor model of personality is the descriptive model that assesses five broad factors or dimensions of personality. The personality dimensions (OCEAN) include openness (intellect), conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism (emotional stability). The factors are stable dimensions and people generally fall between the extremes

Implicit personality theory is a person's preconceptions about how certain attributes are related to one another and to behavior

The internal/external locus of control is the tendency for people to believe that their lives are controlled by internal factors such as skill and effort or external factors such as luck or the actions of others

Peremptory challenges are opportunities to exclude a certain number of potential jurors from the eventual jury without having to give any reasons. The number of these selections, determined by the judge, varies between jurisdictions

Scientific jury selection is the process by which lawyers use social scientists as jury selection consultants. These consultants use empirically based procedures, including small group discussions called focus groups, shadow juries, systemic ratings of prospective jurors and surveys of the community

The similarity-leniency hypothesis is the proposal that fact finders will treat those like themselves differently from those they perceive as different

The social desirability effect is people's wishes to present themselves in a socially appropriate and favorable way

Juries should neither symtematically eliminate nor underrepresent any subgroups of the population

Representativeness gives the appearance of fairness and the resulting juries would be more heterogenous meaning they're expected to be better fact finders and problem solvers

They can distort the representativeness of the juries

Yes or no questions offer little insight into juror's beliefs and potential biases

Extend voir dire (in which potential jurors are questioned in an open-ended format) can reveal more biases that could inhibit the potential juror to effectively decide the case

1. Attorneys get to weed out potential jurors who may not be sympathetic to their client and 2. PCs in lawsuits allow those involved to decide who gets to rule on the case which likely leads to higher satisfaction in the outcome

If a defense attorney believes that the prosecution's peremptory challenges were motivated by racial factors, they can initiate a "Batson challenge" and the judge then asks the prosecution for an explanation for their selections

The first 12 called rule guides attorneys to accept the first 12 potential jurors that are called upon and agree to those jurors in the belief that everyone can decide a case fairly. This misconception can either lead to results that they don't like or may actually backfire on them

They want to try and gain a favorable advantage with the jury but sometimes the voting tendencies of potential jurors is set depending on the various elements of the case

Attorneys matches the chance rate and did no better than recent college and law school grads at picking juries that would assimilate to the desired outcome