Term
| G0, they are terminally differntiated |
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Definition
| what phase of the cell cycle are all neurons in? |
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Term
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Definition
| cell body, contains nucleus, surrounded by cytoplasm (2 names) |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for rough ER, shows up as blueish spots around the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| age pigment within the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| what color is lipofuscin? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| what gives the substantia nigra its color? |
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Term
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Definition
| where are most neuron cell bodies located? |
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Term
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Definition
| what kind of neurons receive stimuli from other neurons or the environment? |
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Term
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Definition
| how many dendrites does a afferent neuron have? |
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Term
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Definition
| how many axons does an efferent neuron have? |
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Term
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Definition
| highly branched neuron process? |
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Term
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Definition
| what kind of neuron transmits stimuli to other neurons or effector cells |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the terminal distal swelling of an axon called? |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the axon closest to the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| most common type of neuron |
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Term
| motor neurons, interneurons |
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Definition
| give two examples of multipolar neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| what kind of neurons are the receptor cells of the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| single dendrite opposite single axon |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sensory neurons are this kind of neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| single dendrite and axon fuse, soma off to one side |
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Term
| synapse/neuromuscular junction |
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Definition
| specialized junctions between neurons or between neuron and effector cell (like a muscle) |
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Term
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Definition
| synapses are uni/bi/multi directional |
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Term
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Definition
| separates the terminal bouton and the effector cell |
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Term
| mitochondria and membrane bound synaptic vesicles containing chemical neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| what is found in the terminal bouton? |
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Term
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Definition
| from what are signaling molecules released |
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Term
| receptor molecules on the post-synaptic membrane |
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Definition
| what do signaling molecules bind to once they diffuse across the synaptic cleft? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| GABA, dopamine, seratonin |
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Definition
| list 3 neurotransmitter found in the CNS |
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Term
| acetylcholine and norepinephrine(adreniline/epi) |
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Definition
| what are the only neurotransmitters used in the PNS? |
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Term
| sympathetic, parasympathetic |
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Definition
| what are the two divisions of the PNS? |
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Term
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Definition
| fight or flight, uses adrenaline as excitatory neurotransmitter |
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Term
| parasympathetic, cholinergic |
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Definition
| promotes relaxation, uses acetylcholine as excitatory neurotransmitter |
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Term
| hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes, ex: acetylchonlinesterase |
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Definition
| what is contained in vessicles on the post-synaptic membrane? |
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Term
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Definition
| inactivates neurotransmitter between consecutive impulses-prevents continuous stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| each neurotransmitter has its own ______. ex, acetylcholine has acetylcholinesterase |
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Term
| it has an organo phosphate insecticide, which blocks acetylcholineesterase so neurotransmitters don't break down and cells are continuosly stimulated |
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Definition
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Term
| it prevents neurotransmitter degradation or mimics/binds to the acetylcholine receptor so it cannot be broken down, resulting in titanic convulsions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| what example of nerve gas was used in the subway in Japan? |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous stimulation of nerves results in this |
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Term
1) physical support and protection
2) electrical insulation
3) metabolic exchange |
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Definition
| what do supporting cells provide (3 things) |
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Term
neuroglia-CNS
Schwann cells-PNS
satellite cells-ganglia |
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Definition
| 3 categories of supporting cells called, and where are each located? |
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Term
| 2, a pre-ganglionic/pre-synaptic and post-ganglionic/post-synaptic neuron |
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Definition
| how many neurons connect the CNS to viscera in the ANS? |
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Term
| gray matter of brain and spinal cord in the CNS |
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Definition
| where are pre-ganglionic cell bodies located? |
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Term
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Definition
| where are cell bodies of post-synatpic neurons located |
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Term
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Definition
| discrete aggregations of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| what are ganglia and all peripheral nerves derived from? |
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Term
| satellite cells-provides structural and metabolic support |
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Definition
| what surrounds each neuron cell body in a ganglia? what do they do? |
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Term
| parallel to the vertebral column |
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Definition
| where are sympathetic ganglia located? |
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Term
| in or near the effector organ |
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Definition
| where are parasympathetic ganglia located? |
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Term
| fibroblasts, dendrites? and axons? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sympathetic ganglia include _____ and paravertebral ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| where are paravertebral ganglia? |
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Term
| anterior to the spine, ex: celiac and mesenteric plexi |
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Definition
| where are pre-vertebral ganglia |
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Term
| in or near effector organ, ex: between smooth muscle layers of the gut wall |
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Definition
| location of parasympathetic ganglia |
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Term
| afferent, efferent fibers (axons) of somatic, or autonomic neurons |
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Definition
| what does peripheral nervous tissue contain? (4 things) |
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Term
| axons only (enclosed in Schwann cells) |
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Definition
| what do peripheral nerves consist of |
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Term
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Definition
| bundle of multiple axons surrounded in perineurium |
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Term
| unique, not just fibroblasts, exhibit epithelial and myeloid features |
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Definition
| describe perineurium cells |
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Term
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Definition
| what plays a major role in axon regenetation |
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Term
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Definition
| large nerve trunks surrounded by an additional layer of CT |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the order from inner to outer perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium |
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Term
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Definition
| tends to follow epi and perineurium |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for the sheath of schwann cells, consists mostly of cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for the sheath of schwann cells, consists mostly of cell membrane |
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Term
| several small nerve fibers lie in channels within the schwann cell , surrounded by a single layer of neurilemma (Plasma membrane) from Schwann cell |
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Definition
| in non-myelinated nerve fibershow do Schwann cells interact with the nerve fibers? |
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Term
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Definition
| large diameter neurons are insulated by this, which consists of many concentric layers of plasma membrane from many Schwann cells |
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Term
| myelinated nerves have multiple layers of plasma membrane (of Schwann cells) surrounding them, but non-myelinated nerves have just one layer of cell membrane |
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Definition
| compare myelinated axons to non-myelinated axons in terms of layers of cell membranes surrounding them |
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Term
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Definition
| gaps in myelin sheath between adjacent Schwann cells |
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Term
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Definition
| name for rapid discontinuous conduction |
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Term
| membrane depolarization occurs only at the nodes, not beneath Schwann cells |
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Definition
| why is saltatory conduction faster and conserves elctrolytes? |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that myelinate neurons in the CNS |
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Term
| bigger diameter of axons increases raot of conduction, also myelin |
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Definition
| what increases the rate of conduction in nerve fibers? |
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Term
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Definition
| these ions are in higher concentration outside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| this ion is in higher concentration inside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| according to morrow what is the net resting membrane potential inside the cell |
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Term
| sodium potassium pump and potassium leak channels |
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Definition
| what creates the positive outside charge and negative charge inside the cell? |
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Term
| nervous conduction (electrical or chemical)? |
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Definition
| arises in cell body as a result of an afferent stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| causes a region of the cell membrane to depolarize |
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Term
voltage gated sodium channels open, Na rushes into cell
Voltage gated K channels open, and K rapidly leaks out of the cell |
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Definition
| when an action potential is reached, these channels open |
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Term
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Definition
| what causes reversal of the resting potential |
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Term
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Definition
| when the membrane loses polarity it is said to be ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| how long it takes for sodium channels to re-open once they close |
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Term
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Definition
| results in the refractory period where neurons are un-reactive to stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| fist part of refractory period where response to stimulus is impossible |
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Term
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Definition
| second part of refractory period where only a very strong stimulus can initiate depolarization |
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Term
| after the Na channels close, voltage gated K+ channels close (ending the refractory period) |
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Definition
| what happens to repolarize the membrane |
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Term
| at the synapse via neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| how and where is the action potential conducted to the effector cell |
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Term
| stimulus, threshold, depolarization, action potential, repolarization, refractory period, resting state |
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Definition
| put these in order refractory period, repolarization, stimulus, depolarization, repolarization, resting state, threshold |
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