Term
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Definition
| communicates by means of chemical messengers (hormones) secreted into the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| employs electrical and chemical means to send messages cell to cell |
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Term
| endocrine and nervous system |
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Definition
| maintain internal corrdination |
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Term
-sense & recieve information & transmit it to brain and spinal cord
-brain & spinal cord process info
-brain and spinal cord issue commands to muscles and glands |
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Definition
| nervous system carries out its tast in three basic steps |
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Term
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Definition
| brain and spinal cord enclosed in bony coverings |
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Term
peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| all the other nervous system besides brain and spinal cord containing nerves and ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| a knot like swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are concentrated |
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Term
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Definition
| a bundle of nerve fiobers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue |
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Term
| sensory afferent division |
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Definition
| carried sensory signals from various receptors to the cns and informs cns of stimuli within or around the body |
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Term
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Definition
| carries signals from receptors in skin, muscles, bones, and joints |
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Term
| visceral sensory division |
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Definition
| carries signals from the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities (heart lungs stomach and bladder) |
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Term
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Definition
| carries signals from the cns to gland and muscle cells that carry our the bodies response |
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Term
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Definition
| cells and organs that respond to the bodies commands from the cns |
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Term
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Definition
| carries signals to skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary muscle contractions |
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Term
| visceral motor division (automatic nervous system) |
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Definition
| carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| arouses body for action and accelerated heart beat and respiration while inhibiting digestive and urinary systems |
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Term
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Definition
| has calming effect and slows heart rate and breathing while stimulating digestive and urinary systems |
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Term
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Definition
| control center of a neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| vast number of branches coming from a few thick branches from the soma |
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Term
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Definition
| neurosome, cell body, or perikaryon |
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Term
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Definition
| golden brown pigment produced when lysosomes digest worn out organelles |
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Term
| what is released when a electrical signal reaches end of a nerve fiber? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| originates from a mound on one side of the soma called the axon hillock |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how many axons per neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| little swelling that forms a junction (synapse) witht the next cell that contains synaptic vesicals full of neurtransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| one axon and multiple dendrites and is most commonly found in brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| one axon and one dendrite found inn olfactory cells, retina, and inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| single process leading away from the soma. sensroy from skin and organs to spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| many dendrites but no axon and help in visual processes |
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Term
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Definition
| two way passage of proteins, organnells, and other material along an axon |
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Term
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Definition
| movement down the axon away from the soma |
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Term
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Definition
| movement up the axon toward the soma |
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Term
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Definition
| motor proteins in anterograde transport |
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Term
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Definition
| motor proteins in retrograde tansport |
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Term
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Definition
| guide material along the axon that are motor proteins (kinesin and dynein) that carry materials "on their back" and "crawl" along microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| can be either anterograde or retrograde. anterograde tansports organnelles and enzymes while retrograde carries pathogens such as rabies |
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Term
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Definition
| always anterograde that moves enzymes and organnelles and axoplasm to get repaired and regeneration of the damaged axon. also damaged nerve fibers regenerate |
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Term
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Definition
| they support and protect neurons and bind them together to form framework. |
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Term
| 4 types of cells found only in the cns |
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Definition
-oligodendrocytes
- ependymal cells
-micoglia
-astrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| form myelin sheaths in cns (wardrobe). each arm like process wraps around nerve fiber forming an insulating layer that speeds up a signal conduction. "WARDROBE" |
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Term
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Definition
| lines internal cavities of the brain that secretes cerebral spine fluid. has cuboidal epithelium with cilia. "WATER" |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny macrophages that forms white blood cells known as monocytes that performs a complete check up on the brain several times a day. "BODYGUARDS" |
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Term
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Definition
| most abundant glial cell in the cns bc it covers the entire surface of the brain and most neurons in grey matter. "TASTETESTERS" |
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Term
| 2 types of neuroglial cells in the PNS |
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Definition
-schwaan cells
-satellite cells |
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Term
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Definition
| envelope nerve fibers in the pns and wind repeatedly around a nerve fiber. produces myalin sheath similar to cns. "leech" |
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Term
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Definition
| surround the neurosoma in ganglia of pns and provide electrical insulation around the soma. "octopus" |
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Term
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Definition
| masses of rapidly dividing cells |
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Term
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Definition
| in cns this is where brain tumors originate that come from most glial cells bc activle mitotic |
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Term
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Definition
| grow rapidly and are highly malignant because the blood brain barrier becomes less effective of chemo |
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Term
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Definition
| insulating layer around a nerve fiber that is formed by oligodendrocytes in cns and schwaan cells in pns; mostly fat |
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Term
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Definition
| production of the myelin sheath that beings 14 the week of developement and ends in late adolescence. IMPORTANT FOR BABIES NERVOUS SYSTEM SO MOST MAKE BREAST MILK WHICH IS MOSTLY FAT. |
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Term
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Definition
| gap between segments of myelin |
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Term
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Definition
| axon hillock and initial segment |
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Term
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Definition
| myelin covered segments from one gap to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| short section of nerve fiber between axon hillock and first glial cell |
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Term
| diseases of myelin sheaths |
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Definition
| multiple sclerosis and tay sachs disease |
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Term
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Definition
| hereditary disorder of infants of eastern european jewish ancestry bc of abnormal accumulation of a glycolipid called GM2 in the myelin sheath. fatal before age 4. |
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Term
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Definition
| oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths deteriorate in cns and is replaced by scar tissue. die 25 to 30 years after diagnosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| neurilemma wrapping of unmyelinated nerve fibers |
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Term
| 2 ways to regenerate a damaged peripheral nerve fiber |
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Definition
-soma has to be intact
-some nuerilemma has to remain |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by schwann cells, basal lamina, and the neurilemma near the injury. |
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Term
| no bc the pns was designed to be injured not the cns |
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Definition
| can regeneration of nerve fibers in the cns occur at all? |
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Term
| nerve growth factor (ngf) |
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Definition
| allows nerves to grow. prevents apoptosis which is programmed cell death |
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Term
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Definition
| cellular mechanisms for producing electrical potentials amd currents |
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Term
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Definition
| difference in the concentration of charged particals between one point to anaother |
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Term
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Definition
| a flow of charged particals from one point to another |
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Term
| resting membrane potential |
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Definition
| charge difference across the plasma membrane. exists because of unequal electrolyte distribution between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| distribution in membrane potential when a neuron is stimulated |
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Term
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Definition
| begins at the dendrite, spreads through the soma, travels down the axon, and ends at the synaptic knob. |
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Term
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Definition
| vary in magnitude with stimulus strength |
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Term
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Definition
| get weaker the farther they spreead from the point of stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| when stimulation ceases , potassium diffusion out of cell returns thr cell to its normal resting potential |
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Term
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Definition
| period of resistance to stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve signal seems to jump from node to node |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| time from the arrival of the of a signal at the axon terminal of a presynaptic cell at the beginning of an action potential in the postsynaptic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones, neuropeptides, and other messengers that modify synaptic transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuromodulator family that transmit pain signal to brain |
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Term
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Definition
| simpler neuromodulator that is a gas that controls learning and memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of neurons to process info, store and recall it, and make decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| one neuron may produce output through hundreds of of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| input from hundreds of neurons goes to one neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons stimulate each other in linear sequence but one cell resttimulates the first cell to start process all over |
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Term
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Definition
| physical basis of memory is a pathway through the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of synapses to change |
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Term
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Definition
| process of making transmission earlier |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to hold something in your thoughts for just a few seconds (reading) |
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Term
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Definition
| lasts from a few seconds to several hours (phone number just looked up) |
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Term
| types of long term memory |
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Definition
| declaritive and procedural |
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Term
| declaritive long term memory |
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Definition
| retention of events that you can put into words |
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Term
| procedual long term memory |
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Definition
| retention of motor skills (havent ridden on bike in years) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| deficiencies of ACh and Nerve growth factor NGF which shrinks gyri and sulcrus loosing memory, talking, walking, and eating. |
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Term
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Definition
| progressive loss of motor function beginning in 50s and 60s - no recovery. degenerates dopamine releasing neurons. drugs and physical therapy is treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| where spinal cord ends... spinal tap upper 2/3rds |
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Definition
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