soma

cell body of the neuron; contains nucleus

Axon

conducts electrical signal from soma

to axon terminal

-covered in myelin sheath

Axon terminal

end of axon

Myelin Sheath

insulator for electrical signal

in between myelin is Node of Ranvier

Axon hillock

where summation occurs

-located btwn soma and axon

local potential

electrical signal that is conducted 

w/in the neuron

(influx Na+ outflow of K+)

2 divisions of nervous system

(1) peripheral

(2) central (brain and spinal cord)

Sympathetic nervous system

"flight or fight"

-raises heart rate and blood pressure

-releases glucose and fat for high energy

-raises blood flow to skeletal muscles

-decreases digestive system

-immune system

Function and 4 parts of spinal cord

-carries messages from spinal nerves to brain

(1) cervical

(2) thoracic

(3) lumbar

(4) sacral

Brain Stem

Controls reflexs

-medulla

-pons

-midbrain

Thalamus

relay station 

-routes sesory information to appropriate

areas in the brain

basal ganglia

controls conscious movements

(parkinsons disease damaged thier basal ganglia)

Cerebellum

little brain

controls movement of limbs

Limbic System

hippocampus

amagdala

hypothalamus

hypothalamus

controls:

-autonomic nervous system

 -motor function

-endocrine function

-homeostatic mechanism

Corpus callosum

removal of corpus collosum in sperry split brain

patients led to side effects (signals being sent

to the wrong hemisphere)

connects r/l hemis

how can the cortex of the brain be divided

gyrus/suclcus/fissure

Motor Cortex

(back of frontal lobe)

-controls conscious motion and

has topographical organization

somatosensory cortex

(front of parietal lobe)

-topographical organization

-registers what has been sensed

topographical organization

most sensitive body parts occupy

the largetst areas

Split - brain patients

 (sperry)

epileptic patients had corpus collosum severed

(R&L hemis could communicate)

Endocrine System

-secretes hormones

organs (hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal)

Dendrites

branches responsible for recieveing communications from other neurons

-receptors on them (chem rxn Na+ in K+ out)

Action potential

-sum of graded/local potentials

axon hillox fires signal down axon

glial cells

"glue"-forms the myeline sheath

Nodes of RAnvier

bare sponts on the lenght of the axon in myelin sheaht

allows for "jumping: of electrical pulses

Saltatory Conduction

the jumping of electrical impuses down the axon

Excitatory N.T.

cause a stronger potential

Inhibitory N.T.

N.T. weakening of potential

Sherrington's Law

fore every neuron there is one and only one N.T.

(false)

Classic N.T.

-the mroe N.T. picked up by the dendries the stronger the graded potential

Acetylcholine

-found in neuromuscular junction

antagonist = Curare (temporary paralysis)

Epinephrine

(adrenaline)-sympathetic response

excitatory N.T.

-peripheral Nervous system

hormone and NT

Norepinephrine

-found in brain

-REM sleep

-reward pathway

Dopamine

motor pathway (responsible for initiating movement)

-REWARD pathway

anti psychchotic drugs-dopamine antagonists

Serotonin

-Non Rem Sleep

-hallucinogenic drugs and anti depressants both work on this pathway

GABA

most prevalent inhibitory  neurotransmitter

alcohol- GABA antagonist

Anadamide

THC receptors

linked with endorphins

ganglion

PNS a group of cell bodies

nerves

in PNS are axons

Somatic

-conscoius part of nervous system

-movement of skeletal muscles

Autonomic

-unconscious

-activated by stimuli in environment

("automatic")

3 types of neurons

(1)sensory - info from body --> brain

(2) motor - info from brain --> body

(3) interneuron- brain to brain

Axons referred to as....

tracts

IN CNS a group of cell bodies called....

nucleus

Ascending Tract (spinal cord)

sensory neurons

info from body to brain

Descending Tract

motor neurons

from brain to body

Lesions

-after accidents or damage

(chemical/electrical damage)

invasive

Stimulation

-electric alternating current

then study behavior

EEG

-non invasive

-electrodes

imptant to sleep study

Single-Cell Recording

Hubel and Wiesel- cell that had to do with vision

and determined simple cells

CAT Scan

static image

PET Scan

colorizing imagines of the brain

-radioactive glucose

fMRI

non invasive (measures oxygen flow)

Medulla and Pons

both control complicated relexes and vital

Hippocampus

memory center of the brain

H.M.- hippocampus removed = anterograde amnesia

Long Term Potentiation

long lasting signal formed in brain btwn neurons

Adult Onset Neruogenesis

brain continues to form new neurons

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

Amygdala

emotion and drive related activities

(removed-cause psychic blindness)

Orbital Frontal Cortex

emotional and peripheral reactions to stimulit

(damage = psychopaths/antisocial)

Hypothalamus

-homeostatic mechanisms

(negative feedback loop)

-controls autonomic nervous systems and motor functions

4 types of lobes

temperol

occipital

parietal

frontal

temperal lobe

need to know:

Wernicke's area-language comprehension

Broca's Area-language production

Auditory Complex-lowest pitch to highest pitch receptors

Occipital Lobe

-visual center

Perietal

area of association

(sematosensroy coretex)

area devoted to attention

Frontal Lobe

"goal directed functions" /executive functions

consciousness of a person

develops until 18yrs old