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| Adaptation, maintains homiostatis in the body. Receives external and internal information and processes it. |
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| Glands or muscles carries out command |
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| Controls smooth muscle and soft body parts, cardiac muscle and viscera |
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| Involuntary division automatic activity |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Cranial Nerves:large nerves of the brain
carry impulses to and from the brain.
Spinal Nerves: large nerves off spinal cord that carry messages to and from spinal cord.
Peripheral Nerves: Smaller nerves that go to all parts of the body.
All spinal nerves that carry messages to and from the spinal canal. |
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| Large nerves off the spinal cord |
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| Covering of inulation of some axons |
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| Called white fibers found in white matter of brain and spinal cors & nerve trunks |
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| Fibers & cell bodies of grey matter are NOT covered with myelin |
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| Cells of the brain and spinal cord |
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| Are myelinated by other nueroglia they have NO neurilemmia |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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| Body in relxation, body functions return to normal |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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| Times of stress and emotion, fight or flight |
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| Large Nerves from the brain |
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| Voluntary all effectors are skeletal muscles |
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| Carries impulses to CNS receiptors |
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| Carries Impulses AWAY from the CNS sends message to recieptors |
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Neuron fibors carry impulses to the cell body, RECIEPTOR
Receives the stimulus begins neuron pathway |
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| Neuron fibers conduct impules AWAY from the cell body to another neuron or muscle or gland, single fiber, may be quite long branches at end |
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Conducting tissue serve for support and protection.AKA glial
Protects: Nervous tissue
Supports: Nervous tissue
Aids in repair
Acts: as Phagocytes to remove pathogens
Regulates: Composition of fluids around and between cells |
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| Fatty substance neuron fibers, that insulate & protects the fiber |
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| In PNS is prduced by special neuroglia wrap around axon like jelly roll dipositiong layers of myelin when sheath is complete small spaces remain between individual cells. These spaces are called Nodes important in speeding conduction of nerve impulses. |
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| Outermost membranes of schwann cells. Thin coating mechanism by which some peripheral nerves repair themselves |
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| Conducting cell of the nervous system |
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Contains the nucleus and other organelles found in 2 places.
CNS and Ganglion |
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| Groups of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS,close to the spine |
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Fatty material tha covers and insulates axons, found in 2 places.
Peripheral Nervous System
White matter- myelinated fibers in CNS
Grey matter cell bodies and fibers in CNS NOT covered with myelin. |
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| Empty spaces between sections of myelin on the axon |
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| Motor End Plate/Neuromuscular juntion |
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| The point at which a nerve fiber contact a muscle cell |
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| Bundle of neuron fibers in the peripheral nervous system |
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| Bundle of neuron fibers within the CNS that act as a unit (form a pathway) Sensory tract takes info to the brain, motor tracts take info AWAY from the brain. |
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A collection of cell bodies in the brain that regulates one function
Ex/ Respiratory, cardiac, temperature centers. |
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Occur in spaces between neuron and between neurons and muscles called Synapses.
1.At end of axon, in vesicles are chemical call neurotransmitter, these chemicals are released into the synapse.Example Acetylcholine stimulus Adrenoline
2. This neurotransmitter combines with receptors on the dendrite of the next neuron.
3. This generates an electrical impulse down the next neuron.
4. To prevent a prolonged nerve impulse, a chemical inactivator in the second neruon breaks down some of the neurotransmitter. Example:Cholinesterase
The rest of the neurtransmitter is taken back into the vesicles of the axon of the first neruon. |
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Occur along the lenght of the neuron.Dendrites and Axions.
These changes involve ions, which are positive and negative charged particles.
The electical impulse is caused by movement of ions through the neuron membrane.
1.In the resting state, the inside of the neuron has negative ions electrical charge and the ouside has a positive charge
2. A signal from the brain causes cells in the membrane to pump positive ions into the neuron, and negative ions ouside the membranes. This change in electrical charges works its way down the lenght of the entire neuron.
3. To prevent a prolonged nerve impulse cells in the neuron membrane rapidly pumps ions back to their original location resulting in a single message being sent.
NOTE: Neuron wth myelin transmit impulses hundres of time faster than neuron without myelin. This is because the impulse jumps form one node to the next node rather than traveling through the fiber. |
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| Location: Vertebral canal |
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| The nerves that hang below off the end of the spinal cord, seperates into seperate nerves. |
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H shapes in the brain and continues down the spinal column on each side up and down dorsally, these 2 pairs of columns called Dorsla and Ventral Horns.
Cell bodies that are unmyelinated tissue. |
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| Sensory fibers, Stimulus into the spinal cord |
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| Motor fibers stimulus out of the spinal cord, |
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Asending: Sensory to brain and from brain
Desending: Motor out of brain to the body.
Central Canal: Small canal containing cerbialspinal fluid. |
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Primary:
Transmit sensory impulses to the brain.
Motor impulses from the brain to the body
Center for spinal cord reflexes. |
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Patellar reflex (no brain involment)
Knee jerk reflex |
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| Connective tissue membraes cover brain and spinal cord |
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Dura matter: thick tough very proctive
Archnoind matter: middle layer contain spider like villa (web)
Subarchnoid: cerberal spinal fluid
Pia matter: inner most layer lyes on brain and spinal cord
Note: Covers whole CNS |
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| Formed from blood plasma in the cells of 4 ventricles of the brain. |
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Cell body
Cell fibers:
Dendrite: carries impulses to cell body
Axon: carries impulses away from cell body |
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Sensory(afferent)carries impulses toward CNS
Motor(efferent)carries impulses away from CNS |
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| Cerebral spinal fluid flow |
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| through all ventricles of brain to central canal of spinal cord, subarchnoid reabsorbs CSF back to blood replensishment |
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Clear colorless,alkiline PH sterile no bacteria
A few WBC H20 glucos and protein. |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Branch of Brain and spinal cord arises underside of brain. 12 prs of cranial nerves. Supply sensory and motor Nerves to head and neck.
Enters all body parts and glands
Sciatic nerve is largest |
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| Function of spinal nerves |
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Definition
supply sensory & motor blelow shoulders
Roots are spinal column |
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| Name cranial nerves and their function |
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Olfactory:sense of smell
Optic:sense of sight
Oculomotor:movement of the eye ball
Acoustic(Vestibulocchlear) sense of hearing and equilibrium
Vagus:sensory in cardia respiratory and blood pressure refexes: sensory and motor to larynx(speaking) heart rate contraction of alimentary tube(peristalsis) increases didgestive secretions |
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| Bottom of spine through butt, legs and heels** Major nerve |
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