The anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system are (the)...

A) dorsal and ventral vervous systems.

B) autonomic and somatic vervous systems.

C) central and peripheral nervous systems.

D) appendicular and axial vervous systems.

E) none of the above.

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the...

A) brain

B) spinal cord

C) nerves

D) A and B

E) A and C

Subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) include...

A) the somatic nervous system.

B) the special sensory system.

C) the autonomic nervous system.

D) the visceral sensory receptors.

E) all of the above.

Functions of the peripheral nervous system include...

A) providing sensory information to the CNS.

B) making higher order decisions to interpret sensory inputs.

C) carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems.

D) carrying information up and down the spinal cord.

E) A and C.

Cells responsible for information processing and transfer are...

A) astrocytes.

B) neuroglia.

C) neurons.

D) Schwann cells.

E) all of the above.

Neuroglia in the nervous system function to...

A) support the neurons.

B) process information in the nervous system.

C) transfer nerve impulses from the brain to the spinal cord.

D) carry nerve impulses.

E) do all of the above.

Muscles, glands, and special cells that respond to neural stimuli are called...

A) effectors.

B) axons.

C) dendrites.

D) reflexes.

E) receptors.

Which of the following selections lists only types of glial cells?

A) apocrine and exocrine cells

B) microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells

C) astrocytes and parenchymal cells

D) merocrine, platelet, and ependymal cells

E) none of the above

The portion of a neuron that carries information in the form of a nerve impulse is called the...

A) dendrite.

B) axon.

C) Nissl body

D) soma.

E) myelin.

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands are under the control of the...

A) central nervous system.

B) parasympathetic division.

C) sympathetic division.

D) somatic nervous system.

E) B and C

The very beginning of the axon is called the...

A) neurofibril.

B) initial segment.

C) Nissl body.

D) axoplasm.

E) axon hillock.

Microglia are (the)...

A) largest neuroglial cell.

B) most numerous neuroglial cell.

C) smallest neuroglial cell.

D) least numerous neuroglial cell.

E) none of the above.

C) smallest neuroglial cell.

D) least numerous neuroglial cell.

Myelin is (a)...

A) multilayered membrane around an axon.

B) cell body.

C) special area of the brain.

D) special cell that protects neurons.

E) none of the above.

The structural classification of a neuron is based upon...

A) the size of the dendrites.

B) the type of chemical neurotransmitter it secretes.

C) the number of axons.

D) the number of processes that project from the cell body.

E) A and D.

Areas of a myelinated axon that are not covered by myelin are called...

A) nodes.

B) gray matter.

C) white matter.

D) internodes.

E) all of the above.

The functional classifications of neurons do not include...

A) association neurons (interneurons).

B) sensory neurons.

C) axoplasmic neurons.

D) motor neurons.

E) any exceptions; all of the above are correct.

Which are the following neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid?

A) microglia

B) oligodendrocytes

C) ependyma

D) astrocytes

E) satellite cells

Voluntary skeletal muscle fibers in the leg are innervated by...

A) visceral motor fibers.

B) postganglionic fibers.

C) somatic motor fibers.

D) preganglionic fibers.

E) all of the above.

Satellite cells surround the cell bodies of peripheral neurons, which can be found in (the)...

A) peripheral centers.

B) ganglia.

C) roots.

D) nuclei.

E) all of the above.

The outermost covering of an unmyelinated axon is called (the)...

A) neurolemma.

B) sarcolemma.

C) axolemma.

D) internode.

E) none of the above.

Chemical synapses do not have...

A) neurotransmitter release.

B) receptor proteins.

C) a gap junction.

D) two interacting neurons.

E) a postsynaptic membrane.

Areas of the nervous system that are dense in myelinated axons are referred to as...

A) white matter.

B) gray matter.

C) dura matter.

D) arachnoid matter.

E) it doesn't matter.

Which of the following are examples of neuroeffector junctions?

A) neuromuscular junction

B) neuroglandular junction

C) neuroaxonic junctions

D) neuroneural junction

E) both A and B

A gap junction acts to facilitate...

A) growth of Schwann cells.

B) the passage of neurotransmitters between cells

C) a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane.

D) the passage of ions between the cells.

E) all of the above.

The rate of conduction of a nerve impulse depends upon...

A) the type of neurotransmitter present.

B) the number of cell dendrites.

C) properties of the soma of the neuron.

D) the presence or absence of a myelin sheath.

E) all of teh above.

Pathways leading from the receptors to the CNS are called...

A) afferent pathways.

B) efferent pathways.

C) sensory pathways.

D) motor pathways.

E) both A and C.

At an electrical synapse the neurons are bound together by...

A) telodendria.

B) internodes.

C) gap junctions.

D) nodes.

E) neurotransmitters.

Types of synapses include all of the following except...

A) axosomatic.

B) neuroeffector junctions.

C) axodendritic.

D) axoaxonic.

E) None of the above are exceptions.

In the process known as Wallerian degeneration,...

A) macrophages remove the debris of damaged axons.

B) the axon proximal to the injury degenerates.

C) Schwann cells completely degenerate

D) no trace is left of teh path taken by a previous axon.

E) A and C happen.

A neuron pool is...

A) a group of neurons linked by gap junctions.

B) a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions.

C) the group of neurons availabe to regeneratea damaged nerve.

D) a group of identical nerve cells

E) both A and B.

Which type of cell cannot be found in the peripheral nervous system?

A) neurons

B) oligodendrocytes

C) Schwann cells

D) satellite cells

E) A and B

During development of the nervous system, when the ectoderm of the dorsal midline thickens it forms (the)...

A) notochord.

B) neural tube.

C) neural crest.

D) neural plate.

E) none of the above.

Demyelination...

A) is the addition of myelin to the axon.

B) is the gradual reduction in myelin.

C) only affects oligodendrocytes.

D) is the thickening of the myelin sheath.

E) only affects Schwann cells.

If a nerve becomes less efficient at transmitting impulses, this might indicate damage to which of the following cells?

A) Schwann cells

B) microglia

C) ependymal cells

D) satellite cells

E) astrocytes

Neurotransmitters are...

A) released only at electrical synapses.

B) produced by astrocytes.

C) stored in synaptic vesicles.

D) produced on command.

E) never recycled.

The meninges include...

A) two layers of transverse collagen fibers.

B) pia mater, dura mater, and venous sinuses from the outside inwards.

C) different layers of the brain and the spinal cord.

D) pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater from the inside outward.

E) none of the above.

A needle used in a spinal tap must be inserted until its tip is in the...

A) subdural space.

B) peridural space.

C) epidural space.

D) arachoid mater.

E) subarachnoid space.

The spinal meninges function to...

A) assist in delivering nutrients and oxygen to the spinal cord.

B) protect the spinal cord.

C) stabilize the spinal cord.

D) absorb shocks to the spinal cord.

E) do all of the above.

The H-shaped mass in the center of the spinal cord is mostly...

A) axons.

B) black matter.

C) white matter.

D) gray matter.

E) none of the above.

The nuclei in the spinal cord that contain the cell bodies of the somatic and visceral sensory neurons are located in (the)...

A) posterior gray horn.

B) anterior gray horn.

C) gray commissures.

D) lateral gray horn.

E) none of the above.

The primary purpose of the blood-brain barrier is to...

A) drain blood from the brain.

B) isolate the CNS from general circulation.

C) provdie the brain with oxygen.

D) hook areas of teh brain together.

E) do none of the above.

The telencephalon becomes the...

A) pons.

B) cerebrum.

C) medulla.

D) diencephalon.

E) midbrain.

The cerebral hemispheres are separated by (the)...

A) longitudinal fissure.

B) lateral ventricles.

C) central sulcus.

D) coronal fissure.

E) none of the above.

Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect...

A) perception of pain.

B) the ability to taste.

C) voluntary motor control.

D) the ability to see.

E) the ability to hear.

Together the midbrain, pons, and medulla are called the...

A) rhombencephalon.

B) gray matter.

C) diencephalon.

D) cerebellum.

E) brain stem.

Arachnoid granulations...

A) absorb CSF into the venous circulation.

B) occur along the inferior sagittal sinus.

C) line the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

D) Have none of the above attributes.

E) are projections of the dura mater into the arachnoid.

The choroid plexus...

A) is the site of drainage of used cererospinal fluid from neural tissues.

B) is the site where the spinal nerves first enter the medulla.

C) is the site of production of the cerebrospinal fluid.

D) is located on the entire surface area of the brain-ventricle interface.

E) is none of the above.

Blood and cerebrospinal fluid drain from the brain in (the)...

A) subarachnoid space.

B) ventricles.

C) dural sinuses.

D) epidural space.

E) none of the above.

The largest region of the brain is (the)...

A) diencephalon.

B) brain stem.

C) cerebrum.

D) cerebellum.

E) none of the above.

Deep gray matter of the cerebrum is called...

A) projection fibers.

B) the cerebral cortex.

C) fissures.

D) cerebral nuclei.

E) none of the above.

The cortical surface of the cerebral hemispheres forms a series of elevated ridges called...

A) sulci.

B) nuclei.

C) gyri.

D) lobes.

E) none of the above.

The largest cerebral lobe is the...

A) frontal.

B) occipital lobe.

C) parietal.

D) insular.

E) temporal.

The groove between the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain is (the)...

A) lateral sulcus.

B) parieto-occipital sulcus.

C) central sulcus.

D) longitudinal fissure.

E) none of the above.

The parietal lobe is primarily used for...

A) motor functions.

B) perception of auditory stimuli.

C) sensory functions.

D) perception of visual stimuli.

E) none of the above.

The central sulcus separates which region of the cerebrum?

A) the sensory and motor areas.

B) the pyramidal cells and the frontal lobes.

C) the temporal and insular lobes.

D) the parietal and occipital lobes.

E) none of the above.

The visual cortex is located in the...

A) temporal.

B) occipital lobe.

C) insular.

D) parietal.

E) frontal.

Which unique function of the brain occurs in the postcentral gyrus?

A) provides voluntary motor control to the skeletal muscles

B) returns cerebrospinal fluid into the ciculatory system

C) receives primary sensory information of touch, pressure, pain, taste, and temperature

D) provides visceral motor responses, serving as center of the autonomic nervous system

E) none of the above

The caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus are anatomically separated by (the)...

A) internal capsule.

B) longitudinal fissure.

C) corpus callosum.

D) fornix.

E) all of the above.

The thalamus...

A) performs many voluntary functions.

B) forms the walls of the diencephalon around the third ventricle.

C) is the initial processing center for most motor output to the spinal cord.

D) contains centers that are involved with emotions and visceral processes.

E) has none of the above attributes.

Thalamic nuclei function to...

A) relay information to the mamillary bodies.

B) pass motor information to the descending tracts and to the spinal cord.

C) relay sensory information to the cerebral nuclei and cerebral cortex.

D) relay information to the occipital lobes.

E) do none of the above.