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Nervous System I + II OBSR Part 2
Nervous System I + II OBSR Class 3 Part 2 (Specailization of the CNS)
64
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/03/2011
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Term
The __________ __________ gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.
 Definition
1) Neural tube
Term
The anterior end of the neural tube differentiates into the __________, __________, and __________.
 Definition
1) Hindbrain 2) Midbrain 3) Forebrain
Term
The posterior end of the neural tube differentiates into the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Spinal cord
Term
The three layers of the meninges are:
 Definition
1) Dura mater
2) Arachnoid
3) Pia
Term
The cerebrospinal fluid is found between the __________ and __________.
 Definition
1) Arachnoid
2) Pia
Term
The __________ __________ is a shock absorbing fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord.
 Definition
1) Cerebrospinal fluid
Term
The __________ __________ serves as a medium for exchange of nutrients and waste products between the brain and blood.
 Definition
1) Cerebrospinal fluid
Term
The __________ __________ is responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid.
 Definition
1) Choroid plexus
Term
__________ __________ includes tracts and pathways that transfer information to and from the brain (ascending and descending).
 Definition
1) White matter
Term
__________ __________ contains nuclei that serve as reflex centers.
 Definition
1) Gray matter
Term
What are the five primary steps of the withdrawal reflex?
 Definition
1) Reception
2) Transmission
3) Integration
4) Transmission
5) Action (by effector)
Term
The __________ is continuous with the spinal cord and is primarily made up of nerves passing from the spinal cord to the rest of the brain.
 Definition
1) Medulla
Term
The __________ contains vital centers (clusters of neuron cell bodies) that control heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure; contains centers that control swallowing, coughing, or vomiting.
 Definition
1) Medulla
Term
The __________ forms a bulge on the anterior surface of the brain stem.
 Definition
1) Pons
Term
The __________ connects various parts of the brain with one another and contains respiratory and sleep centers
 Definition
1) Pons
Term
The __________ is located just above the pons.
 Definition
1) Midbrain
Term
The __________ is the center for visual and auditory reflexes (e.g., pupil reflex, blinking, adjusting ear to volume of sound).
 Definition
1) Midbrain
Term
The __________ is located at the top of the brain stem.
 Definition
1) Thalamus
Term
The __________ is the main sensory relay center for conducting information between the spinal cord and cerebrum; neuron within the thalamus sort and interpret all incoming sensory information (except for smell, or olfaction) before relaying messages to appropriate neurons in the cerebrum.
 Definition
1) Thalamus
Term
The __________ is just below the thalamus; the pituitary gland is connected to this by a stalk of neural tissue.
 Definition
1) Hypothalamus
Term
The __________ contains centers for control of body temperature, appetite, fat metabolism, and certain emotions; it regulates the pituitary gland.
 Definition
1) Hypothalamus
Term
The __________ is the second-largest division of the brain.
 Definition
1) Cerebellum
Term
The __________ is the reflex center for muscular coordination and refinement of movements.
 Definition
1) Cerebellum
Term
The walls of the __________ are thick and contain nerve tracts (bundles of axons) that connect the spinal cord with various parts of the brain.
 Definition
1) Medulla
Term
The __________ is the control center for almost all visceral functions; homeostasis, breathing, heart rate, blood vessels, swallowing, vomiting, digestion, etc.
 Definition
1) Medulla
Term
The __________ contains tracts which serve as a bridge connecting the spinal cord and medulla with the upper parts of the brain and it relays messages.
 Definition
1) Pons
Term
The __________ is a large respiratory center and includes nuclei that relay impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum.
 Definition
1) Pons
Term
The main function of the __________ is coordination of muscular activity.
 Definition
1) Cerebellum
Term
The __________ receives sensory information about joint and muscle position.
 Definition
1) Cerebellum
Term
The development and size of the __________ are correlated with the extent and complexity of muscular activity in the species.
 Definition
1) Cerebellum
Term
The __________ is the major center for receiving and integrating sensory information; it is primarily a connection station.
 Definition
1) Midbrain
Term
The __________ __________ are responsible for the interpretation of visual stimuli while the __________ __________ is responsible for the interpretation of auditory stimuli.
 Definition
1) Superior colliculi
2) Inferior colliculi
Term
Together, the hindbrain and midbrain compose the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Brain stem
Term
The __________ is the biggest and most sophisticated part of the brain; it is primarily concerned with neural processing and "higher brain functions"
 Definition
1) Forebrain
Term
The __________ is a major network for integration as it possesses lots of sensory and motor pathways, and has associative functions such as memory, learning, and the regulation of emotions;.
 Definition
1) Forebrain
Term
The __________ is the major sorting and relay center for motor and sensory messages before they are sent to the cerebrum.
 Definition
1) Thalamus
Term
The __________ processes all sensory stimuli except for olfaction.
 Definition
1) Thalamus
Term
The __________ is extremely vital as it regulates internal processes maintaining homeostasis.
 Definition
1) Hypothalamus
Term
The __________ serves as the principal integration center for the regulation of the internal organs; it provides input to the centers in the medulla and spinal cord that regulate activities such as heart rate, respiration, and digestion; also regulates body temperature, ion concentrations, pH balance, hunger and thirst, and sexual response.
 Definition
1) Hypothalamus
Term
The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres which are connected by the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Corpus callosum
Term
Internally, the __________ is composed of __________ __________ because it contains myelinated axons.
 Definition
1) Cerebum
2) White matter
Term
Externally, the cerebrum is composed of __________ __________ because it contains unmyelinated cells bodies and dendrites; this is also known as the __________ __________.
 Definition

1) Gray matter

2) Cerebral cortex
Term
In mammals, the __________ is the largest part of the cerebral cortex (__________ in humans) and it serves as the __________ area.
 Definition

1) Neocortex

2) 90%

3) Association
Term
The __________ __________ __________ is primarily on the inner and bottom surface of the temporal lobe; provides motivation and emotion in addition to memory.
 Definition
1) Limbic association cortex
Term
__________ __________ controls the ability to speak.
 Definition
1) Broca's area
Term
__________ __________ is responsible for speech comprehension
 Definition
1) Wenicke's area
Term
The surface area of the cerebral cortex is greatly expanded by folds known as __________.
 Definition
1) Convuolutions
Term
Furrows between folds on the cerebral cortex are called __________ if shallow and __________ (or __________) if deep.
 Definition
1) Sulci 2) Fissures 3) Gyri
Term
The cerebral cortex is further divided into three sections:
 Definition

1) Sensory

2) Motor

3) Association
Term
The __________ __________ of the cerebral cortex control the movement of voluntary muscles.
 Definition
1) Motor areas
Term
The __________ __________ of the cerebral cortex receive incoming information from eyes, ears, pressure, and touch receptors.
 Definition
1) Sensory areas
Term
The __________ __________ of the cerebral cortex are sites of intellect, memory, language, and emotion; also active in interpreting incoming sensory information.
 Definition
1) Association areas
Term
The __________ __________ represents the number of sensory neuronal connections.
 Definition
1) Sensory homunculus
Term
The __________ __________ __________ is the neural pathway within the brain stem and thalamus which helps regulate __________.
 Definition
1) Reticular Activating system (RAS)
2) Consciousness
Term
Sleep is regulated by __________ __________ of the hypothalamus and brain stem.
 Definition
1) Suprachiasmatic nuclei
Term
The SCN sends signals to the __________ __________ about light intensity which regulates the release of __________ which plays an important role in sleep.
 Definition
1) Pineal gland
2) Melatonin
Term
__________ sleep allows for heavier breathing rate, blood pressure, and slow metabolic rate.
 Definition
1) nREM or Non-REM
Term
__________ sleep is responsible for "dreams," which accounts for about __________ of total sleep time.
 Definition
1) REM
2) 20%
Term
The four primary types of information processing are:
 Definition
1) Neural plasticity
2) Synaptic plasticity
3) Learning
4) Memory
Term
The __________ __________ __________ is composed of the sensory receptors and the nerves, which are the communication lines.
 Definition
1) Peripheral nervous system
Term
The PNS is further divided into the __________ and __________ nervous system.
1. __________
a. __________
b. __________
2. __________
a. __________
b. __________
 Definition
1) Autonomic
2) Somatic
3) Autonomic
4) Sympathetic (fight-or-flight)
5) Parasympathetic (rest-and-digest)
6) Somatic
7) Voluntary
8) Involuntary
Term
What part of the brain is continuous with the spinal cord?
a. Cerebellum
b. Medulla
c. Thalamus
d. Forebrain
e. Cerebral cortex
 Definition
1) b. Medulla
Term
1. __________ large visual center
2. __________ sensory area; body awareness, heat, cold, pressure, touch
3. __________ speech, deep thoughts, motor skills
4. __________ hearing and olfaction
a. Frontal lobe
b. Parietal lobe
c. Temporal lobe
d. Occipital lobe
 Definition
1) d. Occipital lobe
2) b. Parietal lobe
3) a. Frontal lobe
4) c. Temporal lobe
Term
1. __________ major sorting and relay center for motor and sensory messages before they are sent to the cerebrum
2. __________ most posterior part of the brain and sits on top of the spinal cord
3. __________ coordination of muscular activity (joint and muscle position)
4. __________ respiratory center
5. __________ heart rate, respiration, digestion, body temperature, ion concentrations, pH, hunger, thirst, and sexual response.
a. Medulla
b. Hypothalamus
c. Cerebellum
d. Pons
e. Thalamus
 Definition
1) e. Thalamus
2) a. Medulla
3) c. Cerebellum
4) d. Pons
5) b. Hypothalamus
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