Term
Under what circumstances would you see the following type of cast?
• RBC cast
• WBC cast
• Bacterial cast
• Epithelial cell cast
• Waxy cast
• Fatty cast
• Granular cast |
|
Definition
• RBC cast – glomerular nephritis
• WBC cast – acute pyelonephritis, AIN
• Bacterial cast - pyelonephritis
• Epithelial cell cast – renal tubule damage
• Waxy cast – chronic kidney disease, stasis of urine flow
• Fatty cast – nephrotic syndrome
• Granular cast – acute tubular necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the classic presentation of Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN)? What is the treatment? What is the most common cause? |
|
Definition
• Results in acute renal failure (ARF)
• Classic presentation: fever, rash, eosinophilia, and azotemia
• Most common cause is drug-induced: NSAIDs, PCN/cephalosporins (esp. methicillin), sulfonamides (e.g. TMP-SMX, furosemide), ciprofloxacin, cimetidine, allopurinol, PPIs, indinavir, mesalamine
• Rx: 2 weeks of corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| UTI caused by Proteus vulgaris. What type of renal stone is this patient at risk for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the WAGR complex? |
|
Definition
| Wilms tumor, Aniridia, genitourinary malformation, retardation |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for transitional cell carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| Smoking, aniline dyes, cyclophosphamide, phenacetin |
|
|
Term
| What are the classic features of drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis? |
|
Definition
| acute renal failure, classic presentation (fever, rash, eosinophilia, azotemia), most common cause is drug-induced, Rx: 2 weeks of corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of ATN? |
|
Definition
• Drugs: aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, polymyxins
• Radiograph contrast dye (prevent with N-acetylcysteine, fluids, NaHCO3)
• Rhabdomyolysis/myoglobinuria
-- Due to muscle breakdown from seizure disorder, cocaine, or crush injuries
-- Findings: 4+ blood in urine, no RBC on urine cell count, renal failure, elevated CPK |
|
|
Term
| A patient reports a long-term history of acetaminophen use. What is she at increased risk for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What changes will be seen in a basic metabolic panel in a patient with renal failure? |
|
Definition
| Elevated potassium, elevated phosphate, low calcium, elevated BUN and Cr |
|
|
Term
| A CT scan reveals massively enlarged kidneys bilaterally. What is the diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease |
|
|
Term
Renal pathology rapid review:
• Most common tumor of the urinary tract system
• Most common renal malignancy of early childhood (ages 2-4)
• Histologic appearance of renal cell carcinoma
• Histological appearance of chronic pyelonephritis
• Fever + rash + hematuria + eosinophilia
• Cancer associated with Schistosoma haematobium
• Treatment for cystine kidney stones |
|
Definition
• Most common tumor of the urinary tract system: transitional cell carcinoma
• Most common renal malignancy of early childhood (ages 2-4): wilms tumor
• Histologic appearance of renal cell carcinoma: polygonal clear cell carcinoma
• Histological appearance of chronic pyelonephritis: thyroidization of kidneys
• Fever + rash + hematuria + eosinophilia: AIN
• Cancer associated with Schistosoma haematobium: SCC of the bladder
• Treatment for cystine kidney stones: alkalization fo the urine |
|
|
