Term
| Why is cancer so difficult to treat? |
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Definition
-genetic makeup of cells varies as they proliferate, developing resistance to therapy
-invasion of normal tissue makes surgical excision complicated
-metastases are poorly understood |
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Term
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Definition
| replacing normal cells, with other types of normals cells that are abnormal for that location |
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Term
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Definition
| disorganized cells/ tissues (may be normal or abnormal cells) |
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Term
| What is focal atypical hyperplasia? give an examples |
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Definition
accumulation of cells which are abnormally differentiated and disorganized, but are not yet neoplastic
e.g. polyp, papilloma, nodules |
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Term
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Definition
| new, excessive & poorly controlled growth of cells which have atypical differentiation |
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Term
| Key characteristics of a neoplasm |
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Definition
-cells are abnormal in phenotype (differentiation)
-proliferation is not well controlled
-growth accumulates |
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Term
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Definition
| neoplasia, except they don't differentiate so you can't tell what type of cell they are supposed to be |
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Term
| Malignant neoplasm of epithelial cells... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Malignant neoplasm of secretory epithelial cells... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal cells... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the prefex 'adeno' imply? |
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Definition
| associated with secretory structures |
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Term
| What is malignant conversion? |
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Definition
| when a neoplasm changes from being benign to malignant |
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Term
| When evaluating a neoplasm to make a diagnosis, what are the main considerations? |
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Definition
Type of cell (e.g. epithelial, mesenchymal)
Grade
Progression
Resection margins |
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Term
| What does 'grade' refer to? |
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Definition
| how aggressive/abnormal the cells are |
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Term
| What does 'stage' refer to? |
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Definition
how far the cells have spread
[image] |
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Term
| How would you classify a benign, mesenchymal neoplasm? A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm? |
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Definition
____oma e.g. fibroma
____sarcoma e.g. fibrosarcoma |
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Term
| How would you classify a benign, epithelial neoplasm? Malignant? |
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Definition
____oma e.g. adenoma
___carcinoma e.g. adenocarcinoma |
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Term
| Neoplasms originating in the liver are referred to as.. |
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Definition
| cholangioma / cholangiocarcinoma |
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Term
| Neoplasms originating in bones are referred to as... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Neoplasms originating in blood vessels are referred to as... |
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Definition
| hemangioma / hemangiosarcoma |
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Term
| Neoplasms originating in the liver are referred to as... |
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Definition
| hepatoma / hepatocarcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
| malignant plasma cell neoplasm in bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| neoplastic hematopoietic cells in blood/bone marrow |
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Term
| If a neoplasm has invaded the local lymph nodes, it automatically gets graded as a minimum of stage ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| If a neoplasm has metastasized, it automatically gets graded a stage ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some terms you might use to describe neoplastic cells? |
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Definition
atypically differentiated
heterogenous (lots of variation between cells)
nuclear abnormalities (e.g. hyperchromic, multinucleated, aneuploidy, polyploidy)
anaplasia (not differentiated)
mitotic index! |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Staging is based on _____ while grading is based on ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| How does cellular differentiation vary between cells that are hyperplastic vs benign vs malignant? |
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Definition
Hyperplastic: normal
Benign: usually well differentiated
Malignant: poorly differentiated or anaplastic |
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Term
| how does mitotic activity vary between cells that are hyperplastic vs benign vs malignant? |
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Definition
Hyperplastic: variable, should be low
Benign: low
Malignant: often high |
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Term
| How does rate of growth vary between cells that are hyperplastic vs benign vs malignant? |
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Definition
Hyperplasia: reversible (can very)
Benign: slow, irreversible
Malignant: rapid, irreversible |
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Term
| How does necrosis vary between cells that are hyperplastic vs benign vs malignant? |
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Definition
Hyperplasia: no necrosis
Benign: no/minimal
Malignant: often highly necrotic |
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Term
| How does tissue demarcation vary between cells that are hyperplastic vs benign vs malignant? |
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Definition
Hyperplasia: blends into normal tissue
Benign: expansive, discrete (often encapsulated)
Malignant: not well demarcated, invasive/infiltrative |
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Term
| How does heterogeneity vary between cells that are hyperplastic vs benign vs malignant? |
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Definition
Hyperplasia: none
Benign: Minimal
Malignant: more |
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Term
| How do paraneoplastic syndromes vary between cells that are hyperplastic vs benign vs malignant? |
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Definition
Hyperplasia: none
Benign: variable
Malignant: variable |
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Term
| How does aneuploidy vary between cells that are hyperplastic vs benign vs malignant? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does propensity to progress vary between cells that are hyperplastic vs benign vs malignant? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does rate of recurrence after removal vary between cells that are hyperplastic vs benign vs malignant? |
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Definition
none
rare (depending on resection ability)
frequent |
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