Term
| Respiratory infxn, worse steroids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Morphology: Helminth, nematode-small white worm
Pathogenesis/Life-cycle: Fecal-oral transmission -> eggs ingested -> hatch in duodenum and jejunum and mature in ileum and LI -> mate in colon -> at night females migrate out to lay eggs in perianal skin -> scratch -> autoinnoculation and fecal-oral
Clinical: Perianal itchiness (vaginal), can be asymptomatic
*most common intestinal Helminth in the USA
Diagnosis: Scotch tape test at night to look for eggs
Epidemiology: Worldwise including USA, very prevalent-20-40 million cases, common in school age children |
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Definition
Morphology: Helminth (largets one!) - pearl white worm
Pathogenesis/Life-cycle: Fecal-oral transmission -> eggs ingested -> hatch in SI -> larvae invade intestinal wall -> bloodstream to lungs -> coughed-up -> swallowed -> mature into adults in SI -> east host food and lay eggs that pass in stool
Clinical: Asymptomatic, eosinophilc pneumonitis (Loeffler's syndrome), malnutrition and weight loss. Bowel obstruction may be presenting symptom
Diagnosis: In stool detect eggs, accompanied by eosinophila
Epidemilogy: 1/4 world population infected; distributionis worldwise; especially in impoverished areas, KIDS |
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Definition
| Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, necator, ascaris |
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Definition
| Onchocerca (river blindness) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Ascaris, eosinophila & hypersensitivity |
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| Trichurius trichura (whipworm) |
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Definition
Morph: helminth, nematode
Pathogenesis/life-cycle: fecal-oral -> ingest -> go to colon -> attach to mucosa of cecum with long tail -> mature into adult -> tail imbeds in epithelial mucosa whil the head remains in the lumen
clinical: diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal prolapse from severe tenesmus
Diagnosis: in stool, detect eggs: barrell shaped with polar plugs
Epidemiology: SE Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, Caribbean islands, low SES and where human feces is used as fertilizer |
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Definition
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Term
| Strongyloides stercoralis |
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Definition
Morph: Helminth
pathogenesis: Larvae penetrate skin on bare feet -> bloodstream to lungs -> swallowed -> larvae grow to adults in SI and mate -> female lays eggs in mucosa -> leads to inflammation, pain and diarrhea -> larvae can exit in stiool or repenetrate host: lungs, csf, other organs
clinical: pneumonia from dragging GI bacteria into lungs (gram negatives, enterococcus), bacteremia and G- sepsis in immunocomp. diarrhea and GI pain
Dx: in stool detect larvae (not eggs) eosinophila
Epi: worldwide including southern USA |
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Term
| Ancytosoma duodenale, Necator americanus |
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Definition
hookworms
Motphology: Helminth
Pathogensis/Life-cycle: Larvae penetrate skin on bare feet (intact) -> bloodstream to lungs -> swallowed -> larvae grow to adults in SI -> use cutting plates to attach to mucosal wall -> such blood -> eggs passed in feces -> mature to infectious larvae
Clinical: Gastroenteritis and Anemia, pneumonitis, eosinophilia, mental and physical growth retardation, pruritis and edema at entry
Dx: in stool, detect eggs
Epidemiology: Worldwise, up to 1.3 billion people infected; Afr, Asia, SA
#1 caue of childhood anemia in developing countrieis |
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Term
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Definition
Morph: Helminth - nematode
Pathogenesis/Life-cycle: Infected mosquitoes (Culex) introduce larvae -> penetrate skin and go to lymphatics -> in lymphatics mature into adults (lives for up to 7 yrs) -> adults produce microfilariae, which live between blood (transmissable) and lymphatics
clinical: chronic lymphadema leads to elephantiasis, cannot be corrected even with treatment that kills larvae; wrose in legs and scrotum
Dx: detect microfilariae in Blood At Night!!
Epi: Tropical areas worldwise, mosquito vector |
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Definition
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Definition
Morph: Helminth, nematode
Pathogenesis/Life-cycle: Black fly that lives near river bites -> releases larvae into skin -> larvae move to subcutaneous tissue, where adults live -> microfilariae can migrate to eyes -> microfilariae can also try by ingested by mosquitoes, who lay their eggs on the flies
Clinical: Blindness (River blindness) if migrate to eyes, hyperpigmentation and pruritus if migrate to skin
Dx: skin biopsy to look for microfilariae
Epi: Afr mostly, with some foci in Latin Amr and middle east |
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Term
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Definition
Morph: Helminth - nematode
Pathogenesis: Drink water with copepods that ocntain larvae -> larvae penetrate host stomach and intestinal wall -> enter retroperitoneal space -> females go to skin surface and form blister -> foot itches -> larvae released into water
Clinical: foot pain and itchiness, bacterial superinfection possible
Dx: In stool detect larvae (not eggs), eosinophila
Epi: Afr and India, can help interrupt cycle by filter water through nylon mesh
tx: mechanisl extraction of worm over several days |
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Definition
Ingestion of gravi proglottid by pig or cattle (water, food, etc) -> release of eggs into intestine -> enter into circulation -> seeding of muscle forms larval cyst -> human infection by the consumption of raw/undercooked meat -> attachment to intestine by scolex -> establish residnecy -> fecal-oral transmission -> if humans ingest the gravid proglottid (eggs) the infxn will dissmeinate and form cysts -> blindness, neurocysticercosis, encephalitis
no hooks on scolex; beef tapeworm
Dx: Stool sample (proglottid)
Epi: Human consumption of cysts from infected carrier (ie meat); carrier acquires from infected food/water (think feces) |
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Definition
Ingestion of gravi proglottid by pig or cattle (water, food, etc) -> release of eggs into intestine -> enter into circulation -> seeding of muscle forms larval cyst -> human infection by the consumption of raw/undercooked meat -> attachment to intestine by scolex -> establish residnecy -> fecal-oral transmission -> if humans ingest the gravid proglottid (eggs) the infxn will dissmeinate and form cysts -> blindness, neurocysticercosis, encephalitis
pork; ova ingestion from P2P -> neurocysticercosis
Dx: Stool sample (proglottid)
Epi: Human consumption of cysts from infected carrier (ie meat); carrier acquires from infected food/water (think feces) |
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Term
| #1 cause of new onset adult seizures in the developing world |
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Definition
| parastic infections! Taenia soliu (pork) |
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Term
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Definition
| beef tapeworm (cestode), no hooks on scolex |
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Definition
| Pork, ova ingestion from P2P -> neurocysticercosis |
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Definition
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Definition
Classification: Cestodes (faltworms with scolex-head for sucking and proglottids - infectious segment containing eggs)
Pathogenesis/life-cycle: parasite infectious cycle in other animal, humans, become incidental host
Dx: stool sample
Species: D. latum - human consumption of cysts from infected carrier (ie sushi)
E. granulosus - carrier acquires from infected food/water (think dog feces and sheep farmers) |
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Definition
| fish, macrocytic anemia (B12 deficiency) |
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Definition
consumption of dog tapeworm eggs; lung & liver (water lily sign and salty coughts) -> hydatic cysts in liver
carrier acquries from infected food/water (think dog feces and sheep farmers) |
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Definition
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Definition
Classification: Flukes, hermaphroditic (escept shisto), eggs with operculum (lid)
Pathogenesis: Parasite (schisto causes host immune response); snail infected by larvea -> release motile form into water -> infect humans -> sets up shope in venous system and release eggs -> eggs go to many sites causesing a granulomatous inflammatory response
Dx: Stool sample for S mansoni, urine sample for S hematobium, skin biopsy for cercarial dermatitis
Epi: SNAIL hosts, penetrate intract skin |
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Definition
S. mansoni
S. hematobium
Fasciola hepatica
Clonorchis sinensis
Paragonimus westermani |
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Definition
tropics (Afr and brazil); eggs in mesenteric venules -> liver dmg (hepatitis and portal HTN) and also lung and spine
stoll sample |
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Definition
Afr and Middle East; eggs in GU veins -> hematuria, bladder cancer and obstructive uropathy
urine sample for dx |
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Definition
Cercarial dermatitis (Cananda)
skin biopsy |
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Definition
raw watercress, enter liver/bile ducts
Stool: F hepatica |
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Term
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Definition
| Opisthorcis family, Chinese liver fluke, faw freshwater fish; invades bile ducts --> pigmented gallstones --> cancer |
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Definition
| lung fluke, raw shellfish in E Asia, mimics TB cavities in lung (look for eosinophilia), some CNS |
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Definition
Morphology: Gram + Spore-forming bacillus, faculatative anaerobe
Virulence factors: Capsule, protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EG), lethal factor (LF), edema toxin (PA + EF), lethal toxin (PA + LF)
Clinical: inhalational disease: two stages, inhalation of spores; cutaneous anthrax: results from depostion of organsim onto non-intact skin; GI antrax: restuls from ingestion of spores
Dx: culture, PCR, immunohistochemical staining, ELISA
Epi: Spores (inhaled, through broken skin, ingeted); no P2P |
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Term
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Definition
Small Pox
Morph: DNA virus; orthopoxvirus family, Pox in Box (complex capsid)
Infectious Propertieis: Small inoculum; Aerosol spread
Clinical: oral or resp mucosa --> LN --> asymp viremia to lymph organs (day 3 or 4) --> 2nd viremia (day 8) -> fever, malaise, delirium, 15-40% mortality
Dx: Not chicken pox; all pustules are at the same stage
Epi: Eradicated; 1 case is EMERGENCY; not contagious until onset of rash (face/arms first)
Tx: Vaccine (vaccinia/cowpox) led to eradication in 1977; no loonger given; can vaccinate up to 4 days post-exposure; supportive care (antivirals) |
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Term
| Amastogotes in macrophages |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| West Nile, (Wurcheria), SLE, EEE, WEE |
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Term
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Definition
| Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever |
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Term
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Definition
| Borrelia, Babesia microtii, ANaplasma |
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Term
| Toxo - protozoa or fungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| ehrlichia chaffeensis vector |
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Definition
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Term
| Ricketttsia rickettsii vector |
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Definition
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Definition
| Ancylstoma brazillense (dog hookworm) |
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Definition
| Schistosoma hemtobium ("male period") |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| consuming cysts in undercooked pork |
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Definition
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Definition
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| retinitis in immunocomproised |
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Definition
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Definition
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| DNA virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase |
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Definition
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Definition
| Hep B (surface antigen in excess) |
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Definition
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| leadng cause of corneal blindess in us |
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| Only DNA virus to replicated in cytoplasm, own DNA dep DNA poly |
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