Term
Pain in the hand, forearm or arm along a dermatome [radiculopathy]
If there are reduced reflexes in the upper limb and increased reflexes in the lower limb, consider compression of the spinal cord [myelopathy]
Orthoneuro tests Bakody’s [patient places hand of painful arm on top of head] test relieves pain
Shoulder depression [lateral flexion of neck with shoulder depression] reproduces the pain indicates cervical radiculopathy or brachial plexopathy
Maximal Cervical Compression [downwards pressure on the head with the neck laterally flexed and rotated] reproduces pain indicates nerve root tension
Lhermitte’s [electric shocks in the arms or legs with neck flexion] sign may be positive suggesting myelopathy of the cervical spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
Pain in the hand, forearm or arm along a dermatome. There may be reduced reflexes, decreased sensation and muscle weakness along the affected dermatome
Orthoneuro tests Bakody’s [patient places hand of painful arm on top of head] test relieves pain
Shoulder distraction [lateral flexion of neck with shoulder depression] reproduces the pain indicates cervical radiculopathy or brachial plexopathy
Maximal Cervical Compression [downwards pressure on the head with the neck laterally flexed and rotated] reproduces pain indicates nerve root tension |
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Definition
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Term
Can be unilateral or bilateral clumsiness of the hands and difficulty walking. Patient usually complains of shooting pains down the neck and into the arms.
Reduced reflexes in the upper limb and increased reflexes in the lower limbs, consider compression of the spinal cord (LMNL in the upper extremity and UMNL in the lower extremity). If a nerve root is affected the pain may follow a dermatome pattern. Signs and symptoms may vary depending on the area of the spinal cord affected. Patient may have loss of vibration and proprioception or urinary dysfunction
Orthoneuro tests Lhermitte’s [electric shocks in the arms or legs with neck flexion] sign may be positive. Babinski and Hoffman may be positive. |
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Definition
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Term
Burning or stinging pain or numbness in the neck; may or may not radiate into the shoulder or arm; may present with weakness of shoulder abduction, external rotation and arm flexion. Symptoms usually only last a few minutes, however they may be delayed for a week or so.
Bakody’s [patient places hand of painful arm on top of head] test relieves pain
Shoulder depression [lateral flexion of neck with shoulder depression] reproduces the pain indicates cervical radiculopathy or brachial plexopathy |
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Definition
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| Burning pain in the shoulder or upper limb, weakness, paresthesia and claudication in one of the upper extremities, swelling or cyanosis in the affected hand (if the vein is affected). Usually the pain is felt down the medial arm to the medial fingers. |
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Definition
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Term
Neck pain that may radiate down the arm (usually outer arm) to the hand. Pain may be worse on extension and rotation of the neck. Because it is a referred pain, it does not follow a dermatomal pattern. When performing an exam, MRS will be normal or will not follow a clear dermatome. If the patient complains of numbness, it is subjective and not objective since it cannot be found on the physical exam.
Orthoneuro tests Cervical compression may be positive with local pain, along with Maximal cervical compression [compression when the neck is in extension and rotation] with local pain. |
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Definition
| FACET SYNDROME (CERVICAL) |
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Term
Head is tilted towards the side of the contraction; decreaeed ROM especially rotation towards the affected side. In pseudotorticollis the patient’s head may be held in neutral and may complain of pain in all ROM directions.
The congenital type may be associated with a mass in the SCM |
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Definition
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Pain usually develops hours or a few days after the rear-end accident
The patient may present later with: occipital headache, neck stiffness with decreased ROM of the neck, TMJ dysfunction |
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Definition
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ACR Diagnostic criteria: >3 months of widespread pain plus:
11 out of 18 possible tender points around the neck, shoulder, anterior chest, elbow, lower back, hip and knees often with fatigue, insomnia, stiffness and headache. Stress often worsens the symptoms. |
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Definition
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Term
ever, headache, neck stiffness, photophobia, muscle pain, malaise, nausea and vomiting.
Orthoneuro tests positive Kernig’s [patient “kicks” on leg extension] or Brudzinski’s sign [knees bend and “buckle” on neck flexion]. Lhermitte’s [electric shocks in the arms or legs with neck flexion] sign may be positive.
Investigations CBC will show WBCs elevated. In viral meningitis lymphocytes will be elevated. In bacterial meningitis, neutrophils will be elevated. CSF may show increased WBCs and a cloudy appearance. |
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