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NCSU Genetics 311 Emigh Exam 3
Exam 3
121
Science
Undergraduate 3
04/30/2009

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Term
Ribose
Definition
5C Sugar in RNA, Hydroxyl group on 2' carbon
Term
Phosphate
Definition
A phosphorous atom attached to 4 oxygen atoms; one of the three components of a nucleotide
Term
Nitrogenous Base
Definition
Nitrogen-containing base that is one of the 3 parts of a nucleotide. 2 forms purines and pyrmidines
Term
Purine
Definition
Type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA Adenine and Guanine 2 ring structure
Term
Pyrimidine
Definition
Type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA Cytosine and Thymine 1 ring structure
Term
Ori
Definition
Origin of Replication, transcription, and translation in circular DNA (ex. Mitochondrial DNA)
Term
OriH
Definition
Origin of Heavy strand in circular DNA (ex. Mitochondrial DNA)
Term
OriL
Definition
Origin of Light strand in circular DNA (ex. Mitochondrial DNA)
Term
DNA Dependent DNA Polymerase
Definition
Enzyme that uses a DNA template to crate another DNA strand
Term
DNA Dependent RNA polymerase
Definition
Enzyme that uses a DNA template to crate an RNA strand
Term
RNA dependent RNA polymerase
Definition
Enzyme that uses a RNA template to crate another RNA strand
Term
Primase
Definition
Initiates the primer in DNA replication
Term
Primer
Definition
RNA that preps for okazaki fragment on lagging strand
Term
Proofreading
Definition
Ability of DNA polymerases to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides in the course of replication
Term
Error Checking (correcting)
Definition
Term
Prinbow
Definition
Promoter region upstream of DNA. located 10 bp before the start of transcription
Term
-35
Definition
Promotor region upstream of DNA 35bp upstream
Term
Sigma factor
Definition
Subunit of RNA Polymerase that detaches after transcription has initiated
Term
Promoter
Definition
DNA sequence to shich the transcription apparatus binds so as to initiate transcription; indicates direction of transcription, which of the two DNA strans is to be read as template, and starting point of transcription
Term
Cisteron
Definition
Term
Operon
Definition
Set of structural genes in a bacterial cell along with a common promopter and other sequences that control transcription of structural genes
Term
Transcriptional Unit
Definition
Sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a single RNA molecule, along iwth the sequences necessary for its transcription; normally contains promotor, and RNA-coding sequence and terminator
Term
Cis-acting element
Definition
DNA sequences that sigal transcription or are used in physical attachment of RNA polymerase
Term
TATA
Definition
Upstream Consensus Sequence for Eukaryotic promotor
Term
CAAT
Definition
Upstream Consensus Sequence for Eukaryotic promotor
Term
Trans-acting Factor
Definition
Enzymes or RNAs that bind to DNA acting as signals for initiation of transcrption. Transcribed from other genes elsewhere in genome
Term
Interon
Definition
Intervening sequence in a split gene; removed from the RNA after transcription
Term
Exon
Definition
Coding Region of a split gene (gene interrupted by interons) After processing, the exons remain in messenger RNA
Term
Upstream/Downstream UTR
Definition
Term
Initiation Factors
Definition
Term
Helicase
Definition
DNA Unwinding proteins to separate strands
Term
DNA Polymerase I
Definition
Error Correcting Enzyme in replication
Term
DNA Polymerase II
Definition
Unknown function enzyme in Replication
Term
Deoxyribose
Definition
Sugar component for DNA. Hydrogen on 2' carbon
Term
DNA Polymerase III
Definition
Main Replication enzyme, synthesizes DNA
Term
Triphosphates
Definition
Term
Leading strand
Definition
5' to 3' on new strand which is into opening replication fork
Term
Lagging Strand
Definition
5' to 3' on the new strand, occurs in discontinuous fragments
Term
3'elongation
Definition
The term to describe replication in 5' to 3' direction
Term
Okazaki Frgment
Definition
Discontinuous fragments on the lagging strand
Term
Topoisomerase
Definition
Ex. DNA Gyrase - relieves supercoil tension in DNA
Term
Gyrase
Definition
A type of topoisomerase that releases supercoil tension on DNA by cutting and repairing DNA strands
Term
RNA Polymerase
Definition
Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from DNA template during transcription
Term
RNA Polymerase I
Definition
Transcribes 28S, 18S, 5.8S RNAs
Term
RNA Polymerase II
Definition
Transcribes mRNA, snoRNA and most snRNA
Term
RNA Polymerase III
Definition
Transcribes tRNA, some snRNA, and 5S RNA
Term
dNTP
Definition
Term
DNA Ligase
Definition
Attaches backbones of separate fragments to unify the strand of DNA
Term
Rho factor
Definition
Subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase that facilitates termination of transcription of some genes
Term
Rho independent
Definition
Sequence of bacterial DnA that does not require teh presence of the rho subunit of RNA polymerase to terminate transcription
Term
Palindrome
Definition
Sequence of nucleotides that reads the same on complementary strands; inverted repeats
Term
Single Stranded Binding Proteins SSBP
Definition
Keeps strands separated. binds to single stranded DNA to prevent base pairing
Term
mRNA
Definition
-RNA copy of the DNA info for protein-coding gene
-Processing involves a branch point
Term
tRNA
Definition
-Used in translation, charged with amino acid and brings aa to ribosome during protein building
-Processing of this RNA uses methylation to identify various genes
-CCA is added to 3' end in eukaryotes during processing
Term
rRNA
Definition
-RnA found in ribosome
-Have control function, helping translate the nRNA
Term
snRNA
Definition
-Found only in eukaryotes in the nucleus
-Used in interon splicing for mRNA and polyadenylation
Term
miRNA
Definition
-Used to reduce the rate of translation
-Turn off expression of genes
-Can be found inside interons of other genes
Term
siRNA
Definition
-Used to degrade mRNA inhibiting translation
-Defend against viral attacks
-External
Term
gRNA
Definition
-Found in Editing
Term
snoRNA
Definition
Used in processing of rRNA
Modifying normal nucleotides and splicing
found in telomerases
-Helps put together rRNPs
Term
scRNA
Definition
Unknown uses
Term
DNA Binding Domain
Definition
Term
Internal control regions ICR
Definition
Promoters within the interons in the genes
Term
Consensus Sequence
Definition
Sequence that describes the nucleotides most often present in a segment of interest
Term
Sequence similarity
Definition
Term
Sequence Homology
Definition
Term
Histone
Definition
Protein core of a nucleosome that allows for DNA packaging
Term
Solenoid
Definition
defines the packing of DNA as a 30nm fiber of chromatin and results from the helical winding of at least five nucleosome strands.
Term
llnm
Definition
Width of Nucleosome structure (DNA/protein complex)
Term
30nm
Definition
Width of solenoid supercoil
Term
300nm
Definition
Term
Supercoiling
Definition
Structure of nucleosomes and solenoids where DNA is wrapped to reduce area
Term
Facultative Heterochromatin
Definition
Portions of the genome that are made heterochromatic for regulatory or developmental resions
Term
Consitutive Heterochromatin
Definition
Portions of the genome that are always found in heterochromatin (Always inactive, no genes) Centromeres, Telomeres
Term
Highly Repetitive Sequences
Definition
Example: Satellites found in centromeric regions. Probably to form centromere
Term
Moderately Repetitive Sequences
Definition
Sequences found in tandem or interspersed.
Term
Multiple Copy Genes
Definition
Genes that require many copies because they are used as RNAs. (mostly rRNAs)
Term
Tandem Repeats
Definition
Moderately Repetitive Sequences Examples: multiple Copy, Mini-Satellites, Micro-satellites
Term
Micro satellite
Definition
Smaller sequences than Mini-satellites, repeated in tandem in genome
Term
Mini satellite
Definition
Short sequences with tandem repetitions. Become basis of VNTR
Term
Interspersed elements
Definition
Sequences found throughout the genome (SINES and LINES)
Term
Retrotransposon
Definition
Type of transposable element in eukaryotic cells that possesses some characteristics of retroviruses and transposes through an RNA intermediate
Term
SINE
Definition
Made up of less than 500 bp and repeated 100's to 1000's of times throughout genome. Example: Alu
Term
LINE
Definition
Made up of several thousand nucleotide and copied throughout genome up to 100,000 times. Some contain genes responsible for transposition.
Term
Alu
Definition
Example of a SINE, found throughout genome
Term
L1
Definition
Responsible for Transposition. Example of a LINE
Term
Matrix attachment regions
Definition
Short sequences where protein scaffolding in the nucleus attaches to DNA.
Term
Conservative trasposon
Definition
Parts of genome that physically move themselves from one part of the genome to another part in a way that guarantees no loss of DNA
Term
Replicative Transposon
Definition
Makes a copy of itself and the copy is integrated into the recipient DNA
Term
Nonreplicative Transposon
Definition
SEgment of DNA that physically moves itself from one part of genome to other part of genome. Donor DNA must undergo repair. Found mostly in viruses
Term
Gene family
Definition
Related genes located near each other on a chromosome
Term
Pseudogene
Definition
Regoins of DNA that look like they should be gens, but are not. Never produce functional end product. Do not have promoters
Term
Telomerase
Definition
Enzyme that replicates telomeres. Contains a small RNA used for template. Telomerase activity drops as cell ages
Term
Endosymbiosis
Definition
Theory that mitochondira evolved from prokaryotic infection of a proto-eukaryotic cell during evolutionary development of dukaryotes
Evidence: Circular DNA, Mitochondria has not nucleus, Prokaryotic antibiotics affect organelle chromosomes (more see p184)
Term
Mitochondrial Eve
Definition
Theory that all mitochondrial inheritance lines converge to one female.
Term
Polyadenylation
Definition
Addition of a poly A tail after the completion of transcription.
-Protects mRNA
-Helps in translating message
Term
Exportin
Definition
Involved in nuclear Transport
Term
Spliceosome
Definition
Large complex consisting of several RNAs and many proteins that splices protein-encoding pre-mRNA; contains 5 small ribonucleoprotein particles
Term
AAUAAA
Definition
Term
Guanine Cap
Definition
First step in mRNA processing. Added to pre-mRNA during transcription.
-Provides stability to mRNA
-Initiates translation
-Helps transport mRNA to the cytoplasm
Term
Cap Binding Protein CBP
Definition
Related to initiation of translation
Term
Poly-A Binding Protein PABP
Definition
Help initiate translation
Term
Consensus sequence
Definition
Comprises the most commonly encountered nucleotides found at a specific location in DNA or RNA
Term
branch point
Definition
Adenine nucleotide in nuclear pre-mRNA interons that lies from 18 to 40 nucleotides upstream of 3'splice site
Term
methylation
Definition
Term
C to U editing
Definition
Deamination of C into U in liver. Changes C bp into U
Term
A to I editing
Definition
Changes A bp into I (which pairs with G, U, C)
Term
gRNA editing
Definition
Term
RNA-Induced Silencing complex RISC
Definition
Stimulates cell to cleave RNA, or binds to mRNA interfereing with ribosomal attachment
Term
dicer
Definition
Term
Beadle and Tatum
Definition
One gene - one enzyme
Term
Griffith
Definition
Looked at what would happen when dead and live colonies of bacteria were mixed
-Named unknown process transformation
Term
Avery, MacLeod, McCarty
Definition
Took to eliminate each component of bacteria one at a time. If nonvirulent strain transformed, components removed do not cause it
-DNA is cause of transformation and virulence is inherited
Term
Hershey and Chase
Definition
Infectious part of bacteriophages?
-Radioactively label viral proteins and DNA
-DNA is infectious part of Bacteriophages
Term
Chargraff
Definition
What is base composition of DNA? Patterns?
-Base composition measurements in different organisms
-Made rules for relations of base pairs
Term
Franklin
Definition
What can be said about the crystalline structure of DNA?
-Used X-ray beams
-Structure is helical with more than 1 helix
Term
Watson and Crick
Definition
Structure of DNA?
-Compiled other's results: Chargraff and Franklin
-Right Handed double helix, antiparallel chains, Base pairs stacked perpendiular to DNA, A with T, C with G, 10 bp per turn
Term
Nucleoside
Definition
1 of four bases attached to ribose sugar. Used to store chemical energy of the cell
Term
Nucleotide
Definition
Base, ribose, and phosphate all together.
Term
McClintock
Definition
Discovered Conservative Transposons in corn kernel color
Term
Meselson and Stahl
Definition
What is mode of replication of DNA?
-Used heavy and light nitrogen to determine weights of new DNA molecule
-DNA is semiconservative
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