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| One point of crossover occurs between the selected point on the parent organism |
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| No Crossover occurs between the selected points on the parent organism strings |
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| Two-point crossover where two points to be selected on the parent organism strings. Everything between the two points is swapped between the parent organisms, rendering two child organisms: |
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| Coefficient of coincidence |
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Definition
| Ratio of observed double crossovers to expected crossovers |
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| Degree to which one crossover interferes with additional crossovers |
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| A function to relate the map distance to the recombination rate. Also takes into consideration that some multiple crossovers will be undetected. Takes into account all crossovers. |
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| Some measurement such as height, weight, yield (not eye color or ordinal numbers like number of bristles) |
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Proportion of phenotypic variation due to genetic differences
0 = no genetic variability
1 = no environmental variablilty |
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| Proportion of the phenotyic variance that can be attributed to genetic variance |
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| Narrow Sense Heritability |
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Definition
| Proportion of the phenotypic variance that can be attributed to additive genetic variance |
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Definition
| Also truncation selection. A type of selection where we are interested in increasing some quantitative trait through selective breeding |
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| Selection Differential (SD) |
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Definition
The selection differential is the difference of the base population mean and the mean of the selected parents.
I x Sigma |
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Definition
Difference in mean of original vs mean of offspring
H2SD |
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Definition
Set of genomic frequencies
PAA+QAa+Raa |
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Definition
Set of allelic frequencies
pA+qa
p=P+1/2Q, q=R+1/2Q |
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Definition
Organism that possesses two identical alleles at a locus
-In regards to Hardy-Weinberg: Fraction of homozygotes in the population |
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Definition
Organism that possesses two different alleles at a locus
-In regards to Hardy-Weinberg: Fraction of heterozygotes in the population |
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Definition
| having multiple alleles of a gene within a population, usually expressing different phenotypes |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
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Definition
Important principle of population genetics stating that, in a large, randomly mating population not affected by mutation, migration, or natural selection, allelic frequencies will not change and genotype frequencies stabilize after one generation the proportion is p2, 2pq, q2, where p equals the frequency of allele A and q equals the frequency of allele a.
p2AA+2pqAa+p2aa |
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| Selection in which one trait or allele is favored over another. Favored allele is eventually fixed in the population and the other is lost. |
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| All alleles remain in population but heterozygous fitness is greatest |
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| Fitness of heterozygote is smaller than either of the homozygotes |
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| Selection in which the heterozygote has higher fitness than than of either homozygote; also called heterozygote advantage |
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| Selection in which the heterozygote has lower fitness than that of either homozygote |
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| The sum of the fitnesses of the genotypes of a population weighted by their proportions; hence a weighted mean fitness. |
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| Genetic Drift (Random Drift) |
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Definition
| Change in allelic frequency due to sampling error |
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Definition
Small population colonizing a new area.
-Small size
-Not representative of entire population
-Undergo Strong Selection |
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Definition
| is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a biological cell. |
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| True copy number. Refers to mutations that involve excess or deficiency of all all all of the chromosome types |
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| Derived from a nondisjunction event within a single species. Normally infertile and have an odd number of copies of haploid number |
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Definition
| Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate in meiosis or mitosis |
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Definition
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| Adding portions of the chromosome |
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| Mutation in which one or more nucleotides are deleted from a DNA sequence |
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| When the order of the DNA is rearranged form normal order on the chromosome |
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| Monosomy refers to lack of one chromosome of the normal complement. Partial monosomy can occur in unbalanced translocations or deletions, in which only a portion of the chromosome is present in a single copy |
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Definition
| Trisomy refers to the presence of three copies, instead of the normal two |
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| Derived from a nondisjunction event within single species. Excess or deficiency in single chromosome |
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Definition
| Having two or more complete sets of chromosomes derived from different species. |
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Definition
| Movement of a chromosome segment to a nonhomologous chromosome or to a region within the same chromosome; also movement of a ribosome along mRNA in the course of translation |
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Definition
| Movement of a transposable genetic element from one site to another. Replicative transposition increases the number of copies of the transposable element; nonreplicative transposition does not increase the number of copies |
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Definition
| Where 2 chromosomes come together |
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| Where 2 Chromosomes split |
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| Reaction of an organism to environmental stimuli |
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| is the phenomenon in which bodily cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. |
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| occurs when a whole organism moves in response to the stimulus light. |
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| Example: Fish in streams inevitably face upstream |
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| Percentage of twin pairs in which both twins have a particular trait |
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| Allows scientists to study human differences based on environment and genetics when they have itentical (monozygotic twins)genetics or are raised in same environment but have similar genes (monozygotic) |
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| Single gene behavioral traits |
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Definition
behavioral traits the are the result of single genes
Examples: Lesch-Nyhan Disease, Fragile X, Hygienic Bees |
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Definition
| A trait that falls into natural groups that originate not in categorically distinct causes but in whether or not the outcome attains critical values; e.g., gallstones may result from a categorical cause or from unusual levels of causal factors that themselves show no evidence of grouping. |
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| studying breeds/species with extreme traits often helps us to understand behavioral traits |
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Definition
Variable in Mass selection equations (I)
Given for proportion |
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| Standardized Selection Point |
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Definition
Value in Mass selection equations (Z)
Given for proportion
Z=(x-mu)/sigma |
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| When mates are chosen based on the similarity of their phenotypes. Results in an increase in homozygosity |
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