Term
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Definition
A mineral element needed for the process of bone formation, coagulation of blood, excitation of cardiac and skeletal muscle, maintenance of muscle tone, conduction of neuromuscular impulses, and the synthesis and regulation of the endocrine and exocrine glands. The normal adult level is 8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1). |
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Term
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Definition
Dehydration in which the fluid intake of the body is not sufficient to meet the fluid needs of the body.
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid intake or fluid retention that exceeds the fluid needs of the body. Also called overhydration or fluid overload.
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
The tendency of biological systems to maintain relatively constant conditions in the internal environment while continuously interacting with and adjusting to changes originating within or outside the system.
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
A serum calcium level that exceeds 10.5 mg/dL.
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
A serum calcium level less than 8.5 mg/dL.
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
A serum potassium level that exceeds 5.1 mEq/L.
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
A serum potassium level less than 3.5 mEq/L.
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
A serum magnesium level that exceeds 2.6 mg/dL.
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
A serum magnesium level less than 1.6 mg/dL.
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
A serum sodium level that exceeds 145 mEq/L.
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
A serum sodium level less than 135 mEq/L.
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
A serum phosphorus level that exceeds 4.5 mg/dL.
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
A serum phosphorus level less than 2.7 mg/dL.
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
Concentrated in the bone, cartilage, and within the cell itself; required for the use of adenosine triphosphate as a source of energy. It is necessary for the action of numerous enzyme systems such as carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and contraction of muscular tissue. It also regulates neuromuscular activity and the clotting mechanism.
The normal adult level is 1.6 to 2.6 mg/dL.
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination,
5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
A principal electrolyte of intracellular fluid and the primary buffer within the cell itself. It is needed for nerve conduction, muscle function, acid-base balance, and osmotic pressure. Along with calcium and magnesium, potassium controls the rate and force of contraction of the heart and thus cardiac output. The normal adult level is 3.5 to 5.1 mEq/L.
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
Needed for generation of bony tissue. It functions in the metabolism of glucose and lipids, in the maintenance of acid-base balance, and in the storage and transfer of energy from one site in the body to another. Phosphorus levels are evaluated in relation to calcium levels because of their inverse relationship; when calcium levels are decreased, phosphorus levels are increased, and when phosphorus levels are decreased, calcium levels are increased. The normal adult level is 2.7 to 4.5 mg/dL.
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
An abundant electrolyte that maintains osmotic pressure and acid-base balance and transmits nerve impulses. The normal adult level is 135 to 145 mEq/L.
(Silvestri 82)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
An atom is the smallest part of an element that still has the properties of the element.
The atom is composed of particles known as the proton (positive charge), neutron (neutral), and electron (negative charge).
Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of the atom; therefore the nucleus is positively charged.
Electrons carry a negative charge and revolve around the nucleus.
As long as the number of electrons is the same as the number of protons, the atom has no net charge; that is, it is neither positive nor negative.
Atoms that gain, lose, or share electrons are no longer neutral.
(Silvestri 83)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.3.4.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.1)>. |
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Term
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Definition
A molecule is two or more atoms that combine to form a substance.
(Silvestri 83)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.3.4.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.2)>. |
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Term
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Definition
An ion is an atom that carries an electrical charge because it has gained or lost electrons.
Some ions carry a negative electrical charge and some carry a positive charge.
(Silvestri 83)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.3.4.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.3)>. |
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Term
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Definition
A cation is an ion that carries a positive charge and has given away or lost electrons.
The result is fewer electrons than protons, and the result is a positive charge.
(Silvestri 83)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.3.4.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.4)>. |
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Term
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Definition
An anion is an ion that has gained electrons and therefore carries a negative charge.
When an ion has gained or taken on electrons, it assumes a negative charge and the result is a negatively charged ion.
(Silvestri 83)
Silvestri, Linda Anne. Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination, 5th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 102010. <vbk:978-1-4377-0825-7#outline(9.3.4.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.5)>. |
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