Term
|
Definition
Messenger RNA
Takes the information which has been translated off the template DNA strand out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm b/c is small and able to pass through nucleic pores(ends up on ribosomes, most of which are on endoplasmic reticulum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transfer RNA Transfers specific amino acid that matches it's anticodon with codon on mRNA
- Gets recycled in cytoplasm
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ribosomal RNA
Forms ribosome with protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
There are 20 amino acids
They are coded for by a consecutive 3 base sequence of 4 possible bases (A,T,C,G) Eg. ACG
*Read the table by mRNA codon: left, top, right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If only 2 base sequence, there is only 16 possible combinations which is not enough combinations for 20 different amino acids. With a sequence of 3 bases, there are 64 possible combinations. This means that more than one codon for each amino acid (except start - AUG/methionine), this means that if there was a single base mutation, you can still get the same amino aid being produced |
|
|
Term
| Protein Structure 1. Primary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein Structure 2. Secondary |
|
Definition
Alpha helices + beta sheets
or coils + pleated sheets |
|
|
Term
| Protein Structure 3. Tertiary |
|
Definition
| 3D shape of polypeptide chain |
|
|
Term
| Protein Structure 4. Quaternary |
|
Definition
| Multiple polypeptide chains/ functional protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phenotype is not always determined 100% by genotype, and sometimes external influences (environment) affects what trait is expressed. |
|
|
Term
Metabolic pathways
How can 2 albino parents produce a normally pigmented child |
|
Definition
- metabolic pathways have multiple stages
- each parent could have a different malfunctioning enzyme, therefore the off spring can inherit the functioning enzyme from each parent - and the metabolic pathway can be completed successfully (child is not albino) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not inheritable, but effects individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change has not affected protein function – degeneracy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Something that may offer an advantage ie. Immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result in a vital protein not able to do it's job can cause death of individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that cause mutations in DNA eg. Toxins, radiation, chemicals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Often occur during DNA replication |
|
|
Term
| Frameshift/substituin worse? |
|
Definition
| Frameshift as every triplet acter event is changed therefore more likely that an aa with be different (malfunctioning protein) and also get stop codon (early termination = no protein or short protein) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(occurs in precursor cells to gametes)
Inheritable, doesn’t effect individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell division that occurs in the gametic precursor cells and gives rise to 4 non-identical daughter cells, a process that generates variation through crossing over and independant assortment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homologous chromosome pairs randomly line up on cell equator – equally likely to have maternal or paternal on each side. 223 different combinations |
|
|
Term
| Crossing over/ recombination |
|
Definition
| Swapping sections of DNA/chromosomes between homologous pairs |
|
|
Term
| metabolic pathway (definition) |
|
Definition
| A series of enzyme controlled biochemical reactions where the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next |
|
|
