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| Nephew of Napoleon, formerly known as Louis Napoleon. He was President of France, but he attempted to change the constitution so he could run for a second term. When his wish was denied, he seized power in a coup d’etat and became Emperor Napoleon III. |
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| Italian patriot who wanted a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and the will of the people. |
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| Italian Catholic priest who called for a gederation of existing states under the presidency of a progressive pope. |
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| Autocratic Italian city state. This state appeared to be a liberal state from other points of view, but the middle-class elite in this state distrusted Mazzini’s vision of democratic republicanism. |
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| the monarch of Sardinia-Piedmont who used a liberal constitution which protected a degree of civil liberties and real parliamentary government. |
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| Pope whose desires for unification were driven away by his removal from office for a short period of time in 1848. He opposed rationalism, socialism, separation of church and state, and religious liberty. |
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| The dominant figure in the Sardinian government from 1850 to 1861. He wanted unity for the states of northern and central Italy in a augmented Kingdom of Sardinia. He goaded Austria into attacking him so that France would come to his aid and he could win some Austrian lands. Following the defeat of Austria, Napoleon III abandoned Cavour and Cavour resigned. Later, he came back to power and achieved his goal of a united northern Italian state. |
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| Sailor who wanted to unify all of Italy. He gathered a private army to liberate the kingdom of Sicily. He won, and then he proceeded to Rome to attack the pope. When he organized a plebiscite, the people voted to become a part of Sardinia. |
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| The people who made up Garibaldi’s private army. |
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| Ultraconservative Prussia diplomat who was convinced that Prussia had to control the northern Protestant part of Germany. In order to do this, he allied with German nationalists in an effort to defeat and expel Austria from German affairs. He disregarded Parliament even though voters were continually placing more liberal people in Parliament to try and stop Bismarck. He was mainly responsible for the Austrian-Prussian War. |
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The German customs union which included every German State except Austria.
blood and iron-A phrase that Bismarck used which meant that the questions of the day would be decided by war, not by speeches and laws. |
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| 7 week war which resulted in Prussian victory and the promise by Austria to withdraw from German affairs. |
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| 2 states that were under dispute. Both the King of Denmark and Germany laid claim to these states. |
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| North German Confederation |
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| The union of the northern German states after the Austrian-Prussian war. |
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| Ruler of Prussia during the time of Bismarck. He was crowned Emperor of Germany following Prussia’s victory in the Franco Prussian war. |
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| War between France and Prussia that resulted from the controversy as to who was to take the throne of Spain. The Prussians brutally defeated the French and they also captured Louis Napoleon. The French third republic fought back, but in vain. |
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| Ceded territories that went from France’s control to Germany’s control. |
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| Large reforms that took place in Russia which changed the face of the country. One was the abolition of serfdom. |
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| War between Russia and France over the issue of Christian shrines in the Ottoman Empire. Since Russia could not supply their army fast enough, they lost the war. |
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| The Czar of Russia during the Great Reforms. He promised that he would reform serfdom. |
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| Representative body which gave peasants the power to participate in their government. |
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| The Finance minister under Czar Alexander III. He used the writings of List as a plan for action |
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| The massacre of Russians who were planning to start a revolution against the Czar. |
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| Granted full civil rights and promised a popularly elected parliament with real legislative power. |
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| The parliament of Russia. The Czar still had absolute veto powers, which made a majority party in the Duma powerless. |
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| Laws which gave the Czar power of absolute veto. These laws allowed the houses of Duma to debate, however. |
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| Chief minister of Russia. He wanted to break down the collective ownership of land. |
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| A popularly elected lower house in the German Empire. |
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| Means struggle for civilization. This was the name given to Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic church. This presented Germans with the dilemma of whether to obey the church or the state. |
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| A Jewish army captain falsely accused of treason. The French army planted evidence to make him seem guilty, and they allied with the Catholics and anti-Semites in order to cause his execution. However, he was found innocent. This affair caused France to sever all ties with the Catholic church. |
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| A joint monarchy between the monarch of Hungary and the monarch of the Magyars, a group of people in Hungary. |
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| An ethnic group in Hungary which fought independence and set up a dual monarchy. |
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| A federation of national socialist parties which met to interpret Marxian doctrines and plan coordinated action. |
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