Term
|
Definition
The combination
and interrelation of the
nervous, muscular, and
skeletal systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A conglomeration of
billions of cells specifically
designed to provide a
communication network
within the human body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The
ability of the nervous
system to sense changes
in either the internal or
external environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The ability of the nervous
system to analyze
and interpret sensory
information to allow for
proper decision making,
which produces the
appropriate response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The neuromuscular
response to the sensory
information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
function The
ability of the nervous
system to sense changes
in either the internal or
external environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The ability of the nervous
system to analyze
and interpret sensory
information to allow for
proper decision making,
which produces the
appropriate response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The neuromuscular
response to the sensory
information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The cumulative sensory
input to the central
nervous system from all
mechanoreceptors that
sense body position and
limb movement.
Training the body’s proprioceptive abilities will improve
balance, coordination, and posture, and enable the body to adapt to its surroundings
without consciously thinking about what movement is most appropriate for any given
situation. _ us, it becomes important to train the nervous system e_ ciently to ensure
that proper movement patterns are being developed, which enhances performance and
decreases the risk of injury ( 8 , 10 , 12 ). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the branch of sciene concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts. (internal works of something |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The functional unit of the
nervous system
the branch of sciene concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts. (internal works of something |
|
|
Term
Sensory (afferent)
neurons |
|
Definition
neurons Transmit nerve
impulses from effector
sites (such as muscles
and organs) via receptors
to the brain and spinal
cord. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transmit
nerve impulses from the
brain and spinal cord to
effector sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
send a signal from the hand to the brain telling the brain that the
object is hot. _ is signal makes its way to the brain by traveling from one neuron to
another via the interneurons. Once the signal has made it to the brain, the brain then
interprets the information sent from the sensory neurons (the object is hot) and sends
the appropriate signals down to the muscles of the hand and arm via the motor neurons,
telling the muscles to contract to pull the hand away from the hot object, protecting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The portion of
the nervous system that
consists of the brain and
spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cranial and
spinal nerves that spread
throughout the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sensory receptors
responsible for sensing
distortion in body tiss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are specialized structures that respond to mechanical pressure
within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves ( 14 – 19 ). Mechanoreceptors
respond to outside forces such as touch, pressure, stretching, sound waves,
and motion, and transmit impulses through sensory nerves, which, in turn, enable us
to detect touch, sounds, and the motion of the body and to monitor the position of
our muscles, bones, and joints (proprioception). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Receptors sensitive to
change in length of the
muscle and the rate of
that change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Receptors
sensitive to change in
the tension of the muscle and
the rate of that change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Receptors surrounding
a joint that respond to
pressure, acceleration,
and deceleration of the
joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The body’s framework,
composed of bones and
joints. serves many important functions; it provides the shape and form
for_ our bodies in addition to supporting, protecting, allowing bodily movement,
producing blood for the body, and storing minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bones Provide a resting
ground for muscles and
protection of vital organs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Junctions of
bones, muscles, and
connective tissue at which
movement occurs. Also
known as an articulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
skeleton Portion
of the skeletal system
that consists of the skull,
rib cage, and vertebral
column. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Portion of the skeletal
system that includes
the upper and lower
extremities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Remodeling The
process of resorption and
formation of bone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A type of
a bone cell that removes
bone tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A type of
cell that is responsible for
bone formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The end of
long bones, which is
mainly composed of
cancellous bone, and
house much of the red
marrow involved in red
blood cell production.
They are also one of the
primary sites for bone
growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Diaphysis The shaft
a portion of a long bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
plate The
region of long bone
connecting the diaphysis
to the epiphysis. It is
a layer of subdividing
cartilaginous cells in
which growth in length of
the diaphysis occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A dense
membrane composed
of fibrous connective
tissue that closely wraps
(invests) all bone, except
that of the articulating
surfaces in joints, which
are covered by a synovial
membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The
central cavity of bone
shafts where marrow is
stored. |
|
|
Term
Articular (hyaline)
cartilage |
|
Definition
Cartilage that
covers the articular
surfaces of bones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flattened
or indented portions
of bone, which can be
muscle attachment sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Processes Projections
protruding from the bone
where muscles, tendons,
and ligaments can attach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A series of irregularly
shaped bones called
vertebrae that house
the spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
column (also called the backbone, or spinal column) consists of a series
of irregularly shaped bones, called vertebrae Figure 2. 21 . _ ese bones are divided
into _ ve di_ erent categories depending on where they are located in the backbone
Table 2. 2 ( 36 ).
1st seven vertebrae starting at the top of the spinal column
Thoracic spine (T1–T12) Twelve vertebrae located in the upper/middle back behind the ribs
Lumbar spine (L1–L5) Five vertebrae of the low back below the thoracic spine
Sacrum Triangular bone located below the lumbar spine
Coccyx Located below the sacrum, more commonly known as the tailbone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Joint motion.
Describe how these systems respond and adapt to exercise
Describe the structure and function of the cardiovascular and
respiratory systems.
Explain how each of these systems relates to human movement.
Describe how the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
work in unison.
Explain the influence that dysfunctional breathing can have on
the human movement system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Joints
that are held together
by a joint capsule and
ligaments and are
most associated with
movement in the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Joints that do not have a
joint cavity, connective
tissue, or cartilage. |
|
|
Term
Ball-and-socket joint
Nonsynovial joint.
Pivot joint.
Saddle joint. |
|
Definition
One bone fits like a saddle on another bone; moves
predominantly in two planes (sagittal, joint of thumb frontal)
Only: carpometacarpal
Only one axis; moves predominantly in one plane of motion
(transverse)
Radioulnar
Most mobile of joints; moves in all three planes of motion Shoulder
No joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue; little or no
movement
Sutures of the skull |
|
|
Term
Ball-and-socket joint
Nonsynovial joint.
Pivot joint.
Saddle joint. |
|
Definition
One bone fits like a saddle on another bone; movespredominantly in two planes (sagittal, joint of thumb frontal)
Only: carpometacarpal
Only one axis; moves predominantly in one plane of motion
(transverse)
Radioulnar
Most mobile of joints; moves in all three planes of motion Shoulder
No joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue; little or no
movement
Sutures of the skull
Only one axis; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (transverse) Radioulnar
Most mobile of joints; moves in all three planes of motion Shoulder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primary
connective tissue that
connects bones together
and provides stability,
input to the nervous
system, guidance, and
the limitation of improper
joint movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Series
of muscles that moves
the skeleton.
SUMMARY
build and maintain strong muscles and have excellent cardiovascular and weight control
bene ts, they are not the best way to exercise your bones ( 35 ).
FIGURE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A layer of
connective tissue that is
underneath the fascia and
surrounds the muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The
connective tissue that
surrounds fascicles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The
deepest layer of
connective tissue that
surrounds individual
muscle fibers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Connective
tissues that attach muscle
to bone and provide an
anchor for muscles to
produce force. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The
functional unit of muscle
that produces muscular
contraction and consists
of repeating sections of
actin and myosin. |
|
|
Term
| Structure of the skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
Bone, Tendon, Muscle
belly, Epimysium (deep fascia), Perimysium, Endomysium
(between fibers), Capillary, Endomysium
(between fibers)Nuclei Sarcolemma Sarcoplasm
Endomysium
Fasciculus |
|
|
Term
Neural activation
Motor unit
Neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
The contraction of a muscle
generated by neural
A motor
neuron and all of the muscle fibers it
innervates.
Chemical messengers
that cross the
neuromuscular junction
(synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Steps in the sliding filament theory are summarized as follows8,10,13,42
1. A sarcomere shortens as a result of the Z lines moving closer together.
2. The Z lines converge as the result of myosin heads attaching to the actin filament and asynchronously
pulling (power strokes) the actin filament across the myosin, resulting in shortening of the muscle fiber. |
|
|
Term
Muscle Fiber Types
Type I (slow-twitch) |
|
Definition
Characteristic
Type I (slow-twitch) More capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
Increased oxygen delivery
Smaller in size
Less force produced
Slow to fatigue
Long-term contractions (stabilization)
Slow twitch |
|
|
Term
Muscle Fiber Types
Type II (fast-twitch) |
|
Definition
Fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
Decreased oxygen delivery
Larger in size
More force produced
Quick to fatigue
Short-term contractions (force and power)
Fast twitch |
|
|
Term
Muscles provide the human body with a variety of functions that allow for the manipulation
of forces placed on the body and to produce and slow down movement. |
|
Definition
These
muscle functions categorize the muscle as an agonist, synergist, stabilizer, or antagonist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are muscles that act as prime movers, or, in other words, they are
the muscles most responsible for a particular movement. For example, the gluteus maximusis an agonist for hipextension. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
assist prime movers during movement. For example, the hamstring
complex and the erector spinae are synergistic with the gluteus maximus during hip extension. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
support or stabilize the body, whereas the prime movers and the
synergists perform the movement patterns. For example, the transversus abdominis,
internal oblique, and multi dus (deep muscles in the low back) stabilize the low back, pelvis, and hips (lumbo-pelvic-hip complex) during hip extension. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
perform the opposite action of the prime mover. For example,
the psoas (a deep hip exor) is antagonistic to the gluteus maximus during hip extension. |
|
|
Term
The endocrine system is a system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
to regulate a variety of bodily functions |
|
Definition
including the control of mood, growth
and development, tissue function, and metabolism |
|
|
Term
| THe primary endocrine glands are |
|
Definition
the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal
glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A system of the body composed of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A system of the body composed of the heart,
blood, and blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The space
in the chest between the
lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest except the lungs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A specialized area of
cardiac tissue, located in
the right atrium of the
heart, which initiates
the electrical impulses
that determine the heart rate; often termed the pacemaker for the heart. |
|
|
Term
| Atrioventricular (AV) node |
|
Definition
A small mass
of specialized cardiac
muscle fibers, located
in the wall of the right
atrium of the heart,
that receives heartbeat
impulses from the
sinoatrial node and directs them to the walls of the ventricles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The superior
chamber of the heart that
receives blood from the veins and forces it into the ventricles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The inferior
chamber of the heart that
receives blood from its corresponding atrium and, in turn, forces blood into the arteries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The rate at which the heart pumps. An average
resting heart rate for an untrained adult is approximately 70 to 80 beats per minute (bpm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Heart rate stroke volume, the
overall performance of the heart
Cardiac output is a function of heart rate and stroke volume. If an average
person has a resting heart rate of 70 bpm and a resting stroke volume of 70 mL/beat,
cardiac output at rest would be: 70 bpm 70 mL/beat 4,900 mL/min or 4.9 L/min. |
|
|
Term
| How To Manually Monitor Heart Rate |
|
Definition
Place index and middle fingers around the palm side of the wrist (about one inch from the top ofwrist, on the thumb side).
Although some people use the carotid artery in
the neck, NASM does not recommend this
location for measuring pulse rate. Pressure on
this artery reduces blood flow to the brain, which can cause dizziness or inaccurate measurement.
2. Locate the artery by feeling for a pulse with the
index and middle fingers. Apply light pressure
to feel the pulse. Do not apply excessive pressure as it may distort results. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fluid that
circulates in the heart,
arteries, capillaries, and
veins, carries nutrients
and oxygen to all parts of
the body, and also rids the
body of waste products.
is a unique life-sustaining uid that supplies the body’s organs and cells with
oxygen and nutrients and helps regulate body temperature, ght infections, and
remove waste products ( 1 , 2 , 5 ).
Blood consists of cells suspended in a watery liquid
called plasma that also contains nutrients such as glucose, hormones, and clotting
agents. ere are three kinds of cells in the blood, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. |
|
|
Term
Red blood cells
white blood cells
Plasma |
|
Definition
Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs throughout the body,
white blood cells help ght infection
platelets help with clotting
Plasma makes
up about 55% of the total volume of the blood, and the remaining 45% is made up
of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. |
|
|
Term
Support Mechanisms of Blood
Transportation
Regulation
Protection |
|
Definition
Function
1. Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues
Transports waste products from tissues
Transports hormones to organs and tissues
Carries heat throughout the body
2.Regulates body temperature and acid balance in the body
3.Protects the body from excessive bleeding by clotting Contains specialized immune cells to help fight disease and sickness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood
throughout the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vessels that transport blood away from the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The smallest
blood vessels, and the site
of exchange of chemicals and water between the blood and the tissues. |
|
|
Term
| There are three major types of blood vessels: |
|
Definition
| arteries , which carry the blood away from the heart, the capillaries, which are the site of exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues, and veins , which carry blood back to the heart ( 1 , 2 , 4 – 6 ). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vessels that transport blood from the
capillaries toward the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small terminal branches of an artery,
which end in capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The very small veins connect capillaries to the larger veins. |
|
|
Term
| The cardiorespiratory system is composed of |
|
Definition
the cardiovascular system and the respiratory
system. Together, they provide the body with oxygen, nutrients, protective agents,
and a means to remove waste products. |
|
|
Term
| The heart rate and the stroke volume |
|
Definition
| make up the overall performance of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A system of organs (the
lungs and respiratory
passageways) that
collects oxygen from the
external environment and transports it to the bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also known as the pulmonary system |
|
|
Term
| respiratory system includes |
|
Definition
airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles
Figure 3. 6 . |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Is composed of skeletal
structures (bones) and
soft tissues (muscles)
that work together to
allow proper respiratory
mechanics to occur and help pump blood back to the heart during inspiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of actively contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The process
of actively or passively
relaxing the inspiratory
muscles to move air out
of the body. |
|
|
Term
| Inspiratory ventilation occurs in two forms |
|
Definition
normal resting state (quiet) breathing
and heavy (deep, forced) breathing. Normal breathing requires the use of the primary
respiratory muscles (i.e., diaphragm, external intercostals), whereas heavy breathing
requires the additional use of the secondary respiratory muscles (scalenes, pectoralis minor) ( 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 11 ). |
|
|
Term
The nasal and oral cavities, mouth, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, and bronchioles |
|
Definition
| provide a gathering station for air and oxygen to be directed into the body Figure 3. 7 |
|
|
Term
Structures of the Respiratory Pump
Bones
Muscles Inspiration
Expiration |
|
Definition
Sternum, Ribs, Vertebrae
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Scalenes, Sternocleidomastoid, Pectoralis minor
Internal intercostals Abdominals
e nasal and oral cavities, mouth, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, and bronchioles provide a gathering station for air and oxygen to be
directed into the body Figure 3. 7 . ese structures also allow the incoming air to be
puri ed, humidi ed (or moisture added), and warmed or cooled to match the body
temperature ( 1 – 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 ). |
|
|
Term
Structures of the Respiratory Passages
Conducting airways
Respiratory airways |
|
Definition
Nasal cavity Oral cavity pharynx Larynx,Trachea,Right and left pulmonary bronchi Bronchioles
Alveoli, Alveolar sacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The process
of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body. |
|
|
Term
Maximal oxygen
consumption (V 2max ) |
|
Definition
| The highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization is achieved at maximal physical exertion. |
|
|
Term
Common abnormal breathing scenarios associated with stress and
anxiety include the following |
|
Definition
e breathing pattern becomes more shallow, using the secondary respiratory
muscles more predominantly than the diaphragm. is shallow, upper-chest
breathing pattern becomes habitual, causing overuse to the secondary respiratory
muscles such as the scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, levator scapulae, and upper trapezius.
eir increased activity and excessive tension may result in headaches,
lightheadedness, and dizziness
Excessive breathing (short, shallow breaths) can lead to altered carbon dioxide
and oxygen blood content and can lead to feelings of anxiety that further initiate
an excessive breathing response |
|
|
Term
| Basic overview of energy metabolism |
|
Definition
Chemical energy
• Carbohydrates
• Fats
• Others
Chemical waste
• Carbon dioxide
• Water
ATP
body’s energy currency
Heat
Metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The study of energy in the human
body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All of the
chemical reactions
that occur in the body
to maintain itself.
Metabolism is the process
in which nutrients are
acquired, transported, used, and disposed of by the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The examination of
bioenergetics as it relates
to the unique physiologic
changes and demands placed on the body during exercise. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The material or substance on which an
enzyme acts. |
|
|
Term
| The main sources of chemical energy for most organisms |
|
Definition
| are carbohydrates, fats, and protein. the energy from the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins sustains the biochemical reactions required for life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dietary food provides energy to sustain life and support physical activity, but not directly; it first has to be broken down by the digestive system into smaller by-products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids (fats) constitute. used
to transfer metabolic energy to be used for all types of cellular activity and life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Organic
compounds of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen,
which include starches,
cellulose, and sugars,
and are an important
source of energy. All carbohydrates are eventually broken down in the body to glucose, a simple sugar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A simple sugar
manufactured by the
body from carbohydrates,
fat, and to a lesser extent
protein, which serves as the body's main source of fuel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The
complex carbohydrate
molecule used to store
carbohydrates in the liver
and muscle cells. When
carbohydrate energy
is needed, glycogen is converted into glucose for use by the muscle cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One of the three main
classes of foods and a
source of energy in the
body. Fats help the body
use some vitamins and
keep the skin healthy. They
also serve as energy stores
for the body. In food, there are two types of fats, saturated and unsaturated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The
chemical or substrate
form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amino acids
linked by peptide bonds,
which consist of carbon,
hydrogen, nitrogen,
oxygen, and usually
sulfur, and that have several essential biologic compounds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adenosine diphosphate (ADP) |
|
Definition
When the chemical bonds that hold ATP together are broken, energy is released
for cellular work (such as performing muscle contraction), leaving behind another molecule |
|
|
Term
what happens One of the functions of energy
metabolism is to harness enough free energy to reattach |
|
Definition
a phosphate group to an ADP
and restore ATP levels back to normal to perform more work. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Energy storage and transfer unit within the
cells of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A high-energy compound
occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed. |
|
|
Term
Excess postexercise
oxygen consumption
(EPOC) |
|
Definition
The statem in which the body’s
metabolism is elevated
after exercise. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
or more appropriately sports biomechanics is the study of applying laws
of mechanics and physics to determine how forces a ect human movement and to
better predict performance in athletic events.
The
science concerned with
the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces. |
|
|
Term
Superior
Inferior
Proximal
Distal
Anterior |
|
Definition
refers to a position above a reference point. e femur (thigh bone) is superior
to the tibia (shin bone). e pectoralis major (chest muscle) is superior to the
rectus abdominis (abdominal muscle).
2. refers to a position below a reference point. e calcaneus (heel bone) is
inferior to the patella (knee bone). e soleus (calf muscle) is inferior to the
hamstring complex.
3. refers to a position nearest the center of the body or point of reference. e
knee is more proximal to the hip than the ankle. e lumbar spine (low back) is
more proximal to the sacrum (tailbone) than the sternum (breast bone).
4. refers to a position away from the center of the body or point of reference. e
ankle is more distal to the hip than the knee. e sternum is more distal to the
sacrum than the lumbar spine
5. refers to a position on or toward the front of the body. the quadriceps are
located on the anterior aspect of the thigh |
|
|
Term
Posterior (or dorsal)
Medial
Lateral
Contralateral
Ipsilateral |
|
Definition
1. refers to a position on or toward the back of the body. the hamstring complex
is located on the posterior aspect of the thigh.
2. refers to a position relatively closer to the midline of the body. e adductors
(inner thigh muscles) are on the medial side of the thigh, because they are on the
side of the limb closest to the midline of the body. e sternum is more medial than
the shoulder.
3.refers to a position relatively farther away from the midline or toward the outside
of the body. e ears are on the lateral side of the head.
4. refers to a position on the opposite side of the body. e right foot is
contralateral to the le hand.
5. refers to a position on the same side of the body. e right foot is ipsilateral
to the right hand. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The position with the body
erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward. The anatomic position is of importance in anatomy because it is the position of
reference for anatomic
nomenclature. Anatomic
terms such as anterior
and posterior, medial and
lateral, and abduction
and adduction apply to
the body when it is in the
anatomic position. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves. |
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Term
|
Definition
A bending
movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases. |
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Term
|
Definition
A
straightening movement
in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases |
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Term
|
Definition
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit
or range of motion. |
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|
Term
Frontal plane
Abduction
Adduction
Transverse plane
Internal rotation
External rotation
Horizontal abduction
Horizontal adduction |
|
Definition
1. An
imaginary bisector that
divides the body into
front and back halves.
Abduction A movement
in the frontal plane away
from the midline of
the body.
Adduction Movement
in the frontal plane back
toward the midline of
the body.
Transverse plane An
imaginary bisector that
divides the body into top
and bottom halves.
Internal rotation
Rotation of a joint toward
the middle of the body.
External rotation
Rotation of a joint away
from the middle of
the body.
Horizontal abduction
Movement of the arm or
thigh in the transverse
plane from an anterior
position to a lateral
position.
Horizontal adduction
Movement of the arm or
thigh in the transverse
plane from a lateral
position to an anterior
position. |
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|
Term
Scapular retraction
Scapular protraction
Scapular depression
Scapular elevation |
|
Definition
Scapular retraction
Adduction of scapula;
shoulder blades move
toward the midline.
Scapular protraction
Abduction of scapula;
shoulder blades move
away from the midline.
Scapular depression
Downward (inferior)
motion of the scapula.
Scapular elevation
Upward (superior) motion
of the scapula. |
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Term
|
Definition
An eccentric muscle
action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening |
|
|
Term
e pre x iso means same or equal, and the su x
tonic refers to tension, metric refers to length, and kinetic refers to motion
Isotonic-
Isometric-
Isokinetic-- |
|
Definition
(constant muscle tension)
» Eccentric
» Concentric
(constant muscle length)
constant velocity of motion) |
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Term
|
Definition
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement
occurs through a given range of motion |
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Term
|
Definition
| Moving in the same direction as the resistance Decelerates or reduces the force |
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Term
|
Definition
Moving in opposite direction of force
Accelerates or produces force |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| No visible movement with or against resistance Dynamically stabilizes force |
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Term
|
Definition
The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the
force exerted
Requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in
rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When a muscle
is exerting force greater
than the resistive force,
resulting in shortening
of the muscle. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
When a muscle is exerting
force equal to the force
being placed on it leading
to no visible change in the
muscle length. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
When a muscle shortens
at a constant speed over
the full range of motion |
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Term
|
Definition
An influence
applied by one object to
another, which results
in an acceleration or
deceleration of the
second object. |
|
|
Term
| Length-tension relationship |
|
Definition
The resting
length of a muscle and the
tension the muscle can
produce at this resting
length. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint. |
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|
Term
| each of the following is part of the kinetic chain except? |
|
Definition
a. muscular system
b. Nervous system
d. skeletal system |
|
|
Term
| During which part of your intake process should you direct your attention toward detecting any possible cardiorespiratory dysfunction? |
|
Definition
| B. The PAR-Q is specifically directed toward detecting any possible cardiorespiratory dysfunction such as congential heart disease (CHD). The initial client consultation should take place prior to the PAR-Q and would be the time to discuss frequency of meetings, personal rates, and scheduling for further information gatherin, such as the PAR-Q. The general history can be any information gathered from the client, including occupation and lifestyle choices. The personal data gait is a collection of objective information. Measurements such as baody fat, body mass index (BMI), weight, and so on should be taken at this time. |
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|
Term
| Through extensive flexibility training, your client has reached the optimum level of extensibility through his entire dynamic range of motion. The range of motion can be achieved only through flexibility and control of the muscular system. What is another name for this control? |
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Definition
| Neuromuscular efficiency is the body's abililty to use its neuromuscular systemin the reducing, production, and stability of the kinetic chain, this takes place in each plane of motion. Reciprocal inhibition is caused by a tight muscle agonist, and synerrgistic dominance is when one muscles takes the control of another muscl's function. integrated flexibility is an approach to flexibility training. |
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Term
|
Definition
A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased
flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability. |
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Term
|
Definition
The
cumulative sensory
input to the central
nervous system from all
mechanoreceptors that
sense body position and limb movment. |
|
|
Term
| proprioceptively enriched environment is |
|
Definition
A An unstable (yet
controllable) physical
situation in which
exercises are performed
that causes the body
to use its internal
balance and stabilization
mechanisms. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
does not simply mean a person is out of
breath when climbing a ight of stairs or that they are overweight. It is a state in which
a person may have muscle imbalances, decreased exibility, or a lack of core and joint
stability. All of these conditions can greatly a ect the ability of the human body to produce
proper movement and can eventually lead to injury. |
|
|
Term
| A proprioceptively enriched environment |
|
Definition
is one that challenges the
internal balance and stabilization mechanisms of the body. Examples of this include
performing a Stability Ball Dumbbell Chest Press or Single-leg Squat versus the traditional
Bench Press and Barbell Squat exercises. |
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Term
|
Definition
Alteration of muscle
length surrounding a joint. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
The condition
of being considerably
overweight, and refers
to a person with a body
mass index of 30 or
greater, or who is at
least 30 pounds over the
recommended weight for
their height. |
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Term
|
Definition
Refers to
a person with a body
mass index of 25 to 29.9,
or who is between 25
to 30 pounds over the
recommended weight for
their height. |
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Term
|
Definition
is associated with a myriad
of health risks including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, osteoarthritis,
some types of cancer, pregnancy complications, shortened life expectancy,
and decreased quality of life. |
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|
Term
BMI (Equations used to
calculate body mass
index.) |
|
Definition
703 ×
weight (lb)/height2 (in2)
weight (kg)/height2 (m2) |
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Term
|
Definition
Also
known as cholesterol
and triglycerides, blood
lipids are carried in the
bloodstream by protein
molecules known as
high-density lipoproteins
(HDL) and low-density
lipoproteins (LDL). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Chronic metabolic
disorder caused by insulin
deficiency, which impairs
carbohydrate usage and
enhances usage of fats
and proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A state
of lost physical fitness,
which may include muscle
imbalances, decreased
flexibility, and a lack of
core and joint stability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The
cumulative sensory
input to the central
nervous system from all
mechanoreceptors that
sense body position and
limb movement. |
|
|
Term
Proprioceptively
enriched environment |
|
Definition
An unstable (yet
controllable) physical
situation in which
exercises are performed
that causes the body
to use its internal
balance and stabilization
mechanisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Smaller divisions of
training progressions
that fall within the three
building blocks of training. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A muscle’s ability to
contract for an extended
period. |
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Term
|
Definition
The ability
of the neuromuscular
system to enable all
muscles to efficiently
work together in all
planes of motion. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The
muscle that acts as the
initial and main source of
motive power. |
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Term
|
Definition
Set of two
exercises that are
performed back-to-back,
without any rest time
between them. |
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Term
|
Definition
Ability of
muscles to exert maximal
force output in a minimal
amount of time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| only incorporate generalized stretching, cardiovascular, and resistance exercise |
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|
Term
| Maximal oxygen consumption |
|
Definition
(V 2max ) may be the best measure of cardiorespiratory
tness ( 3 , 5 , 7 , 15 ). V 2max is the highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization
during maximal exercise ( 10 , 14 , 15 ). V 2max values can range anywhere from 40 to
80 mL · kg –1 · min –1 , or approximately 11 to 23 METs ( 7 , 15 ). e only way to determine
V 2max is to directly measure ventilation, oxygen consumption, and carbon
dioxide production during a maximal exercise test. |
|
|
Term
Some of the tests that can be used to predict V 2max include the Rockport
Walk Test, |
|
Definition
| the Step Test, and the YMCA bike protocol test ( 13 , 15 ). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
provide the body with a source of fuel and energy required for all daily
activities including exercise. Organic
compounds of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen,
which include starches,
cellulose, and sugars,
and are an important
source of energy. All
carbohydrates are
eventually broken down
in the body to glucose, a
simple sugar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A simple sugar
manufactured by the
body from carbohydrates,
fat, and to a lesser extent
protein, which serves as
the body's main source
of fuel. Glucose is absorbed and transported in the blood, where it circulates
until it enters cells (with the aid of insulin) and is either used or stored as energy. |
|
|
Term
| e storage form of carbohydrates, called glycogen |
|
Definition
is a string of glucose molecules
that can rapidly be broken down into glucose and used for energy during periods of prolonged or intense exercise. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscle cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
The
complex carbohydrate
molecule used to store
carbohydrates in the liver
and muscle cells. When
carbohydrate energy is needed, glycogen is
converted into glucose for use by the muscle cells. is a string of glucose molecules
that can rapidly be broken down into glucose and used for energy during periods of prolonged or intense exercise. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscle cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
One of the three main
classes of foods and a
source of energy in the
body. Fats help the body
use some vitamins and
keep the skin healthy. They
also serve as energy stores
for the body. In food, there
are two types of fats,
saturated and unsaturated. Another important source of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The
chemical or substrate
form in which most fat
exists in food as well as in
the body. Triglycerides
are derived from fats eaten in foods or made in the body from other energy sources
such as carbohydrates. When calories are consumed but not immediately needed by
cells or tissues they are converted to triglycerides and transported to fat cells where they are stored. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Amino acids
linked by peptide bonds,
which consist of carbon,
hydrogen, nitrogen,
oxygen, and usually
sulfur, and that have several essential biologic compounds. protein rarely supplies much energy during
exercise and in many descriptions is ignored as a signi cant fuel for energy metabolism ( 1 – 9 ). When protein becomes a signi cant source of fuel is in starvation |
|
|
Term
| (ATP--adenosine triphosphate |
|
Definition
As stated earlier, one of the primary sources of immediate energy for cellular metabolism
is stored in the chemical bonds of a molecule |
|
|
Term
| Which assessment tests for speed, explosion, body control, and agility? |
|
Definition
Select one:
a. Gait assessment
b. L.E.F.T. test
c. 40-yard dash
d. Pro shuttle test
The correct answer is: Pro shuttle test |
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|
Term
| Which of the following refers to a program design approach that changes acute variables to achieve different goals on a daily or weekly basis? |
|
Definition
Select one:
a. Linear periodization Incorrect
b. Linear summation
c. Undulated periodization
d. Tabulation
The correct answer is: Undulated periodization |
|
|
Term
| Which exercise should be avoided if a client exhibits anterior pelvic tilt? |
|
Definition
Select one:
a. Seated calf raises Incorrect
b. Calf raises
c. Leg raises
d. Chest press
The correct answer is: Leg raises |
|
|
Term
| What cognitive-behavior approach invovles throughts influencing behavior? |
|
Definition
Select one:
a. Extrinsic
b. Social support
c. Intrinsic
d. Association and dissociation Correct
Feedback
The correct answer is: Association and dissociation |
|
|
Term
| If a client exhibits arms falling forward during an overhead squat assessment, which activity should be avoided |
|
Definition
Select one:
a. Elliptical trainer
b. Versa climber Incorrect
c. Rowing machined. Treadmill
Feedback
The correct answer is: Treadmill |
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|
Term
| What assessment should be avoided or modified if a client’s knees are falling in during a single-leg squat assessment? |
|
Definition
Select one:
a. 40-yard dash
b. Lower extremity strength assessment
c. Overhead squat assessment Incorrect
d. Shark skill test
Feedback
The correct answer is: Shark skill test |
|
|
Term
| Which exercise should be avoided if a client exhibits arms falling forward? |
|
Definition
elect one:
a. Reverse flys Incorrect
b. Lat pull-downs
c. Light chest press
d. Floor prone cobra
Feedback
The correct answer is: Lat pull-downs |
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|
Term
| David has a new client in her 2nd trimester of pregnancy. How should he modify the overhead squat assessment for her? |
|
Definition
Select one:
a. The heels should be elevated
b. The arms should be placed at the sides
c. The range of motion should be increased
d. The range of motion should be decreased Correct
Feedback
The correct answer is: The range of motion should be decreased |
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|
Term
| What is a client's strongest source of self-confidence? |
|
Definition
Select one:
a. Performance accomplishments
b. Verbal persuasion
c. Imagery
d. Modeling Incorrect
Feedback
The correct answer is: Performance accomplishments |
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|
Term
| Which is the best approach for avoiding activation of the adductors during a floor bridge? |
|
Definition
Select one:
a. The feet should be wider than hip-width apart and straight ahead
b. The feet should be hip-width apart and straight ahead Correct
c. The feet should be hip-width apart and turned out
d. The feet should be together and pointed straight ahead
Feedback
The correct answer is: The feet should be hip-width apart and straight ahead |
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