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Definition
| A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. 3 Types in this unit: Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Observational Learning |
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| An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it. |
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| Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) |
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| A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. |
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| The view that psychology 1. should be an objective science that 2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2. |
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| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus(US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth. |
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| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response. |
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| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus. (CS) |
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| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
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| Higher-Order Conditioning |
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Definition
| A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioned experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For Example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning) |
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Definition
| The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. |
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Definition
| The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. |
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| The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |
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| In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. |
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| The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. |
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| Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. |
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| A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished by a punisher. |
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Definition
| Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. |
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Definition
| Thorndike's principles that behaviors followed by a favorable consequences become more likely, and that principles followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
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Definition
| In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner Box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. |
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Definition
| An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. |
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement. (In contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement) |
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. |
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Definition
| Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is ant stimuli that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. |
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Definition
| Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Negative reinforcement is not punishment) |
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Definition
| An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
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Definition
| A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer. |
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Definition
| Reinforcing the desired response every time is occurs. |
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Term
| Partial (intermittent) reinforcement |
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Definition
| Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. |
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. |
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| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. |
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. |
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| Variable-interval Schedule |
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. |
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| An event that decreases the behavior that it follows. |
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| A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. Example- After exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. |
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Definition
| Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
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Definition
| A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. |
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Definition
| A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. |
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Definition
| A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. |
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| A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension. |
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| Learning by observing others. Also called social learning. |
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Definition
| The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. |
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Definition
| Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brain mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. |
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Definition
| Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. |
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