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| The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
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| A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. |
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| A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the it provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin). |
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| A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier- but also more error-prone- use of heuristics. |
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| A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solves problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. |
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| A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. |
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| A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions. |
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| The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving. |
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| A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. |
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| The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. |
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| Representativeness Heuristic |
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| Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes, may lead one to ignore other relevant information. |
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| Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. |
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| The tendency to be more confident than correct, to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments. |
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| The way an issue is posed, how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. |
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| The tendency for one's pre-existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid. |
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| Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
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| Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. |
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| In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. |
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| In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). |
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| In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. |
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| The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning. |
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| The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. |
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| Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the house-hold language. |
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| The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. |
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| Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. |
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| Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- "go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words. |
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| Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. |
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